Update to Ubuntu 24.04 for GitHub Actions

[AsaiYusuke]

Address the issue that occurs when upgrading to Ubuntu 24.04.

The following error occurs:

g++ --std=c++20 -I include -I third_party/args -I third_party/json/single_include -I third_party/mos6502 -g -c -o build/assert/runtime_error_result.o src/assert/runtime_error_result.cpp
In file included from src/assert/runtime_error_result.cpp:1:
include/assert/runtime_error_result.hpp:15:12: error: ‘uint16_t’ was not declared in this scope
   15 |     vector<uint16_t> call_stack;
      |            ^~~~~~~~

In the following pull request, Im temporarily using Ubuntu 22.04: #87