Use None instead of Optional

code_generation/meta_data.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 # define dataclass for meta data
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Optional
 
 from dataclasses_json import DataClassJsonMixin
 
@@ -15,19 +14,19 @@ class Attribute(DataClassJsonMixin):
     data_type: str
     names: str | list[str]
     description: str
-    nan_value: Optional[str] = None
+    nan_value: str | None = None
 
 
 @dataclass
 class AttributeClass(DataClassJsonMixin):
     name: str
     attributes: list[Attribute]
-    full_attributes: Optional[list[Attribute]] = None
-    base: Optional[str] = None
+    full_attributes: list[Attribute] | None = None
+    base: str | None = None
     is_template: bool = False
-    full_name: Optional[str] = None
-    specification_names: Optional[list[str]] = None
-    base_attributes: Optional[dict[str, list[Attribute]]] = None
+    full_name: str | None = None
+    specification_names: list[str] | None = None
+    base_attributes: dict[str, list[Attribute]] | None = None
 
 
 @dataclass

src/power_grid_model/_core/error_handling.py

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 """
 
 import re
-from typing import Optional
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ def _interpret_error(message: str, decode_error: bool = True) -> PowerGridError:
     return PowerGridError(message)
 
 
-def find_error(batch_size: int = 1, decode_error: bool = True) -> Optional[RuntimeError]:
+def find_error(batch_size: int = 1, decode_error: bool = True) -> RuntimeError | None:
     """
     Check if there is an error and return it
 
@@ -171,7 +170,7 @@ def assert_no_error(batch_size: int = 1, decode_error: bool = True):
 
 def handle_errors(
     continue_on_batch_error: bool, batch_size: int = 1, decode_error: bool = True
-) -> Optional[PowerGridBatchError]:
+) -> PowerGridBatchError | None:
     """
     Handle any errors in the way that is specified.
 
@@ -184,10 +183,10 @@ def handle_errors(
         error: Any errors previously encountered, unless it was a batch error and continue_on_batch_error was True.
 
     Returns:
-        Optional[PowerGridBatchError]: None if there were no errors, or the previously encountered
-                                       error if it was a batch error and continue_on_batch_error was True.
+        PowerGridBatchError | None: None if there were no errors, or the previously encountered
+                                    error if it was a batch error and continue_on_batch_error was True.
     """
-    error: Optional[RuntimeError] = find_error(batch_size=batch_size, decode_error=decode_error)
+    error: RuntimeError | None = find_error(batch_size=batch_size, decode_error=decode_error)
     if error is None:
         return None
 

src/power_grid_model/_core/power_grid_core.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 from inspect import signature
 from itertools import chain
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Callable, Optional
+from typing import Callable
 
 from power_grid_model._core.index_integer import IdC, IdxC
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class PowerGridCore:
     """
 
     _handle: HandlePtr
-    _instance: Optional["PowerGridCore"] = None
+    _instance: "PowerGridCore | None" = None
 
     # singleton of power grid core
     def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):

src/power_grid_model/_core/power_grid_dataset.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 Power grid model raw dataset handler
 """
 
-from typing import Any, Mapping, Optional
+from typing import Any, Mapping
 
 from power_grid_model._core.buffer_handling import (
     BufferProperties,
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ class CConstDataset:
     _const_dataset: ConstDatasetPtr
     _buffer_views: list[CBuffer]
 
-    def __new__(cls, data: Dataset, dataset_type: Optional[DatasetType] = None):
+    def __new__(cls, data: Dataset, dataset_type: DatasetType | None = None):
         instance = super().__new__(cls)
         instance._const_dataset = ConstDatasetPtr()
 

src/power_grid_model/_core/power_grid_model.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 """
 
 from enum import IntEnum
-from typing import Optional, Type
+from typing import Type
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ class PowerGridModel:
     """
 
     _model_ptr: ModelPtr
-    _all_component_count: Optional[dict[ComponentType, int]]
-    _batch_error: Optional[PowerGridBatchError]
+    _all_component_count: dict[ComponentType, int] | None
+    _batch_error: PowerGridBatchError | None
 
     @property
-    def batch_error(self) -> Optional[PowerGridBatchError]:
+    def batch_error(self) -> PowerGridBatchError | None:
         """
         Get the batch error object, if present
 
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ def _calculate_impl(  # pylint: disable=too-many-positional-arguments
         self,
         calculation_type: CalculationType,
         symmetric: bool,
-        update_data: Optional[Dataset],
+        update_data: Dataset | None,
         output_component_types: ComponentAttributeMapping,
         options: Options,
         continue_on_batch_error: bool,
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ def _calculate_power_flow(
         error_tolerance: float = 1e-8,
         max_iterations: int = 20,
         calculation_method: CalculationMethod | str = CalculationMethod.newton_raphson,
-        update_data: Optional[Dataset] = None,
+        update_data: Dataset | None = None,
         threading: int = -1,
         output_component_types: ComponentAttributeMapping = None,
         continue_on_batch_error: bool = False,
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ def _calculate_state_estimation(
         error_tolerance: float = 1e-8,
         max_iterations: int = 20,
         calculation_method: CalculationMethod | str = CalculationMethod.iterative_linear,
-        update_data: Optional[Dataset] = None,
+        update_data: Dataset | None = None,
         threading: int = -1,
         output_component_types: ComponentAttributeMapping = None,
         continue_on_batch_error: bool = False,
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ def _calculate_short_circuit(
         self,
         *,
         calculation_method: CalculationMethod | str = CalculationMethod.iec60909,
-        update_data: Optional[Dataset] = None,
+        update_data: Dataset | None = None,
         threading: int = -1,
         output_component_types: ComponentAttributeMapping = None,
         continue_on_batch_error: bool = False,
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ def calculate_power_flow(
         error_tolerance: float = 1e-8,
         max_iterations: int = 20,
         calculation_method: CalculationMethod | str = CalculationMethod.newton_raphson,
-        update_data: Optional[dict[str, np.ndarray | dict[str, np.ndarray]] | Dataset] = None,
+        update_data: dict[str, np.ndarray | dict[str, np.ndarray]] | Dataset | None = None,
         threading: int = -1,
         output_component_types: ComponentAttributeMapping = None,
         continue_on_batch_error: bool = False,
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ def calculate_state_estimation(
         error_tolerance: float = 1e-8,
         max_iterations: int = 20,
         calculation_method: CalculationMethod | str = CalculationMethod.iterative_linear,
-        update_data: Optional[dict[str, np.ndarray | dict[str, np.ndarray]] | Dataset] = None,
+        update_data: dict[str, np.ndarray | dict[str, np.ndarray]] | Dataset | None = None,
         threading: int = -1,
         output_component_types: ComponentAttributeMapping = None,
         continue_on_batch_error: bool = False,
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ def calculate_short_circuit(
         self,
         *,
         calculation_method: CalculationMethod | str = CalculationMethod.iec60909,
-        update_data: Optional[dict[str, np.ndarray | dict[str, np.ndarray]] | Dataset] = None,
+        update_data: dict[str, np.ndarray | dict[str, np.ndarray]] | Dataset | None = None,
         threading: int = -1,
         output_component_types: ComponentAttributeMapping = None,
         continue_on_batch_error: bool = False,

src/power_grid_model/_utils.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 """
 
 from copy import deepcopy
-from typing import Optional, Sequence, cast
+from typing import Sequence, cast
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -218,8 +218,6 @@ def _split_numpy_array_in_batches(
 
     Args:
         data: A 1D or 2D Numpy structured array. A 1D array is a single table / batch, a 2D array is a batch per table.
-        component: The name of the component to which the data belongs; only used for errors.
-        attribute [optional]: The name of the attribute to which the data belongs; only used for errors.
 
     Returns:
         A list with a single numpy structured array per batch
@@ -239,7 +237,6 @@ def split_dense_batch_data_in_batches(
 
     Args:
         data: A 1D or 2D Numpy structured array. A 1D array is a single table / batch, a 2D array is a batch per table.
-        component: The name of the component to which the data belongs, only used for errors.
         batch_size: size of batch
 
     Returns:
@@ -326,7 +323,7 @@ def convert_dataset_to_python_dataset(data: Dataset) -> PythonDataset:
 
     # Check if the dataset is a single dataset or batch dataset
     # It is batch dataset if it is 2D array or a indptr/data structure
-    is_batch: Optional[bool] = None
+    is_batch: bool | None = None
     for component, array in data.items():
         is_dense_batch = isinstance(array, np.ndarray) and array.ndim == 2
         is_sparse_batch = isinstance(array, dict) and "indptr" in array and "data" in array

src/power_grid_model/utils.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 import tempfile
 import warnings
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional, cast as cast_type
+from typing import cast as cast_type
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ def json_deserialize_from_file(
 def json_serialize_to_file(
     file_path: Path,
     data: Dataset,
-    dataset_type: Optional[DatasetType] = None,
+    dataset_type: DatasetType | None = None,
     use_compact_list: bool = False,
-    indent: Optional[int] = 2,
+    indent: int | None = 2,
 ):
     """
     Export JSON data in most recent format.
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ def msgpack_deserialize_from_file(
 
 
 def msgpack_serialize_to_file(
-    file_path: Path, data: Dataset, dataset_type: Optional[DatasetType] = None, use_compact_list: bool = False
+    file_path: Path, data: Dataset, dataset_type: DatasetType | None = None, use_compact_list: bool = False
 ):
     """
     Export msgpack data in most recent format.
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ def import_json_data(json_file: Path, data_type: str, *args, **kwargs) -> Datase
 
 
 def export_json_data(
-    json_file: Path, data: Dataset, indent: Optional[int] = 2, compact: bool = False, use_deprecated_format: bool = True
+    json_file: Path, data: Dataset, indent: int | None = 2, compact: bool = False, use_deprecated_format: bool = True
 ):
     """
     [deprecated] Export json data in a deprecated serialization format.
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ def export_json_data(
 
 
 def _compatibility_deprecated_export_json_data(
-    json_file: Path, data: Dataset, indent: Optional[int] = 2, compact: bool = False
+    json_file: Path, data: Dataset, indent: int | None = 2, compact: bool = False
 ):
     serialized_data = json_serialize(data=data, use_compact_list=compact, indent=-1 if indent is None else indent)
     old_format_serialized_data = json.dumps(json.loads(serialized_data)["data"])

src/power_grid_model/validation/assertions.py

@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
 Helper functions to assert valid data. They basically call validate_input_data or validate_batch_data and raise a
 ValidationException if the validation results in one or more errors.
 """
-from typing import Optional
-
 from power_grid_model.data_types import BatchDataset, SingleDataset
 from power_grid_model.enum import CalculationType
 from power_grid_model.validation.errors import ValidationError
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ def __str__(self):
 
 
 def assert_valid_input_data(
-    input_data: SingleDataset, calculation_type: Optional[CalculationType] = None, symmetric: bool = True
+    input_data: SingleDataset, calculation_type: CalculationType | None = None, symmetric: bool = True
 ):
     """
     Validates the entire input dataset:
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ def assert_valid_input_data(
 def assert_valid_batch_data(
     input_data: SingleDataset,
     update_data: BatchDataset,
-    calculation_type: Optional[CalculationType] = None,
+    calculation_type: CalculationType | None = None,
     symmetric: bool = True,
 ):
     """

src/power_grid_model/validation/errors.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 import re
 from abc import ABC
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any, Iterable, Optional, Type
+from typing import Any, Iterable, Type
 
 from power_grid_model import ComponentType
 
@@ -32,18 +32,18 @@ class ValidationError(ABC):
 
     """
 
-    component: Optional[ComponentType | list[ComponentType]] = None
+    component: ComponentType | list[ComponentType] | None = None
     """
     The component, or components, to which the error applies.
     """
 
-    field: Optional[str | list[str] | list[tuple[ComponentType, str]]] = None
+    field: str | list[str] | list[tuple[ComponentType, str]] | None = None
     """
     The field, or fields, to which the error applies. A field can also be a tuple (component, field) when multiple
     components are being addressed.
     """
 
-    ids: Optional[list[int] | list[tuple[ComponentType, int]]] = None
+    ids: list[int] | list[tuple[ComponentType, int]] | None = None
     """
     The object identifiers to which the error applies. A field object identifier can also be a tuple (component, id)
     when multiple components are being addressed.
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def _unpack(field: str | tuple[ComponentType, str]) -> str:
             return self._delimiter.join(_unpack(field) for field in self.field)
         return _unpack(self.field) if self.field else str(self.field)
 
-    def get_context(self, id_lookup: Optional[list[str] | dict[int, str]] = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    def get_context(self, id_lookup: list[str] | dict[int, str] | None = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """
         Returns a dictionary that supplies (human readable) information about this error. Each member variable is
         included in the dictionary. If a function {field_name}_str() exists, the value is overwritten by that function.
@@ -129,9 +129,9 @@ class SingleFieldValidationError(ValidationError):
     _message = "Field {field} is not valid for {n} {objects}."
     component: ComponentType
     field: str
-    ids: Optional[list[int]]
+    ids: list[int] | None
 
-    def __init__(self, component: ComponentType, field: str, ids: Optional[Iterable[int]]):
+    def __init__(self, component: ComponentType, field: str, ids: Iterable[int] | None):
         """
         Args:
             component: Component name
@@ -325,9 +325,9 @@ def __init__(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
         self,
         component: ComponentType,
         field: str,
-        ids: Optional[list[int]] = None,
-        ref_components: Optional[ComponentType | list[ComponentType]] = None,
-        filters: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        ids: list[int] | None = None,
+        ref_components: ComponentType | list[ComponentType] | None = None,
+        filters: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
     ):
         # pylint: disable=too-many-positional-arguments
         super().__init__(component=component, field=field, ids=ids)