libc_impl.c

#define _GNU_SOURCE // for sigset
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <libgen.h>

#ifdef __CYGWIN__
#include <windows.h>
#endif

#ifdef __APPLE__
#include <mach-o/dyld.h>
#include <mach/vm_page_size.h>
#endif

#ifdef __FreeBSD__
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#endif

#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/times.h>
#include <sys/file.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <utime.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <signal.h>

#include "libc_impl.h"
#include "helpers.h"

#define MIN(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))

#define STRING(param)                                       \
    size_t param##_len = wrapper_strlen(mem, param##_addr); \
    char param[param##_len + 1];                            \
    for (size_t __i = 0; __i <= param##_len; __i++) {       \
        param[__i] = MEM_S8(param##_addr + __i);            \
    }

#if !defined(IDO53) && !defined(IDO71) && !defined(IDO72)
#define IDO71
#endif

#define MEM_REGION_START 0xfb00000
#define MEM_REGION_SIZE (512 * 1024 * 1024)

#ifdef IDO53
// IDO 5.3
#define IOB_ADDR 0x0fb528e4
#define ERRNO_ADDR 0x0fb52720
#define CTYPE_ADDR 0x0fb504f0
#define LIBC_ADDR 0x0fb50000
#define LIBC_SIZE 0x3000
#define OPTERR_ADDR 0x0fb522e0
#define OPTIND_ADDR 0x0fb522e4
#define OPTOPT_ADDR 0x0fb522e8
#define OPTARG_ADDR 0x0fb522ec
#endif

#ifdef IDO71
// IDO 7.1
#define IOB_ADDR 0x0fb4ee44
#define ERRNO_ADDR 0x0fb4ec80
#define CTYPE_ADDR 0x0fb4cba0
#define LIBC_ADDR 0x0fb4c000
#define LIBC_SIZE 0x3000
#define OPTERR_ADDR 0x0fb436a0
#define OPTIND_ADDR 0x0fb436a4
#define OPTOPT_ADDR 0x0fb436a8
#define OPTARG_ADDR 0x0fb436ac
#endif

#ifdef IDO72
// IDO 7.2
#define IOB_ADDR 0x0fb49454
#define ERRNO_ADDR 0x0fb49290
#define CTYPE_ADDR 0x0fb46db0
#define LIBC_ADDR 0x0fb46000
#define LIBC_SIZE 0x4000
// #define OPTERR_ADDR
// #define OPTIND_ADDR
// #define OPTOPT_ADDR
// #define OPTARG_ADDR
#endif

#define STDIN_ADDR IOB_ADDR
#define STDOUT_ADDR (IOB_ADDR + 0x10)
#define STDERR_ADDR (IOB_ADDR + 0x20)
#define STDIN ((struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(STDIN_ADDR))
#define STDOUT ((struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(STDOUT_ADDR))
#define STDERR ((struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(STDERR_ADDR))

#define MALLOC_BINS_ADDR custom_libc_data_addr
#define STRTOK_DATA_ADDR (MALLOC_BINS_ADDR + (30 - 3) * 4)
#define INTBUF_ADDR (STRTOK_DATA_ADDR + 4)
// INTBUF has size at least 0x1000 - 4 - (30 - 3) * 4, treat it as having size 0x400
#define INTBUF_SIZE 0x400

#define SIGNAL_HANDLER_STACK_START LIBC_ADDR

#define NFILE 100

#define IOFBF 0000   /* full buffered */
#define IOLBF 0100   /* line buffered */
#define IONBF 0004   /* not buffered */
#define IOEOF 0020   /* EOF reached on read */
#define IOERR 0040   /* I/O error from system */

#define IOREAD 0001  /* currently reading */
#define IOWRT 0002   /* currently writing */
#define IORW 0200    /* opened for reading and writing */
#define IOMYBUF 0010 /* stdio malloc()'d buffer */

#define STDIO_BUFSIZE 16384

struct timespec_t_irix {
    int tv_sec;
    int tv_nsec;
};

struct FILE_irix {
    int _cnt;
    uint32_t _ptr_addr;
    uint32_t _base_addr;
    uint8_t pad[2];
    uint8_t _file;
    uint8_t _flag;
};

static struct {
    struct {
        fptr_trampoline trampoline;
        uint8_t* mem;
        uint32_t fp_dest;
    } handlers[65];
    volatile uint32_t recursion_level;
} signal_context;

static uint32_t cur_sbrk;
static uint32_t bufendtab[NFILE]; // this version contains the size and not the end ptr
static uint32_t custom_libc_data_addr;

#define _U 01   /* Upper case */
#define _L 02   /* Lower case */
#define _N 04   /* Numeral (digit) */
#define _S 010  /* Spacing character */
#define _P 020  /* Punctuation */
#define _C 040  /* Control character */
#define _B 0100 /* Blank */
#define _X 0200 /* heXadecimal digit */

static unsigned char ctype[] = {
    0,
    // clang-format off
/*         00      01      02      03      04      05      06      07  */
/*    0 */ _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,
/*  010 */ _C,     _S|_C,  _S|_C,  _S|_C,  _S|_C,  _S|_C,  _C,     _C,
/*  020 */ _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,
/*  030 */ _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,     _C,
/*  040 */ _S|_B,  _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,
/*  050 */ _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,
/*  060 */ _N|_X,  _N|_X,  _N|_X,  _N|_X,  _N|_X,  _N|_X,  _N|_X,  _N|_X,
/*  070 */ _N|_X,  _N|_X,  _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,
/* 0100 */ _P,     _U|_X,  _U|_X,  _U|_X,  _U|_X,  _U|_X,  _U|_X,  _U,
/* 0110 */ _U,     _U,     _U,     _U,     _U,     _U,     _U,     _U,
/* 0120 */ _U,     _U,     _U,     _U,     _U,     _U,     _U,     _U,
/* 0130 */ _U,     _U,     _U,     _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,
/* 0140 */ _P,     _L|_X,  _L|_X,  _L|_X,  _L|_X,  _L|_X,  _L|_X,  _L,
/* 0150 */ _L,     _L,     _L,     _L,     _L,     _L,     _L,     _L,
/* 0160 */ _L,     _L,     _L,     _L,     _L,     _L,     _L,     _L,
/* 0170 */ _L,     _L,     _L,     _P,     _P,     _P,     _P,     _C,
/* 0200 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0210 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0220 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0230 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0240 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0250 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0260 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0270 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0300 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0310 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0320 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0330 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0340 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0350 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0360 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
/* 0370 */ 0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,      0,
    // clang-format on
};

static char usr_lib_redirect[PATH_MAX + 1];
static char usr_include_redirect[PATH_MAX + 1];

static int g_file_max = 3;

/* Compilation Target/Emulation Host Page Size Determination */
#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || (defined(__linux__) && defined(__aarch64__))
#define RUNTIME_PAGESIZE
/* ARM64 linux can have page sizes of 4kb, 16kb, or 64kb */
/* Set in main before running the translated code */
static size_t g_Pagesize;

#define TRUNC_PAGE(x) ((x) & ~(g_Pagesize - 1))
#define ROUND_PAGE(x) (TRUNC_PAGE((x) + (g_Pagesize - 1)))

#elif defined(__APPLE__)
/* https://developer.apple.com/documentation/apple-silicon/addressing-architectural-differences-in-your-macos-code */
#define TRUNC_PAGE(x) (trunc_page((x)))
#define ROUND_PAGE(x) (round_page((x)))

#else
/* A fixed 4KB page size for x64 linux (is there anything else?) */
#define TRUNC_PAGE(x) ((x) & ~(0x1000 - 1))
#define ROUND_PAGE(x) (TRUNC_PAGE((x) + (0x1000 - 1)))
#endif /* PageSize Macros */

static uint8_t* memory_map(size_t length) {
#ifdef __CYGWIN__
    uint8_t* mem = mmap(0, length, PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_NORESERVE, -1, 0);
#else
    uint8_t* mem = mmap(0, length, PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
#endif

    assert(TRUNC_PAGE((uintptr_t)mem) == (uintptr_t)mem &&
           "Page size too small, try increasing `page_size` in recomp.cpp");
    if (mem == MAP_FAILED) {
        perror("mmap (memory_map)");
        exit(1);
    }
    return mem;
}

static void memory_allocate(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t start, uint32_t end) {
    assert(start >= MEM_REGION_START);
    assert(end <= MEM_REGION_START + MEM_REGION_SIZE);
    // `start` will be passed to mmap,
    // so it has to be host aligned in order to keep the guest's pages valid
    assert(start == TRUNC_PAGE(start) && "Page size too small, try increasing `page_size` in recomp.cpp");
#ifdef __CYGWIN__
    uintptr_t _start = TRUNC_PAGE((uintptr_t)mem + start);
    uintptr_t _end = ROUND_PAGE((uintptr_t)mem + end);

    if (mprotect((void*)_start, _end - _start, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE) < 0) {
        perror("mprotect (memory_allocate)");
        exit(1);
    }
#else
    void* addr = (void*)TRUNC_PAGE((uintptr_t)mem + start);
    size_t len = end - start;

    if (mmap(addr, len, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_FIXED | MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) == MAP_FAILED) {
        perror("mmap (memory_allocate)");
        exit(1);
    }
#endif /* __CYGWIN__ */
}

static void memory_unmap(uint8_t* mem, size_t length) {
    if (munmap(mem, length)) {
        perror("munmap");
        exit(1);
    }
}

static void free_all_file_bufs(uint8_t* mem) {
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(IOB_ADDR);
    for (int i = 0; i < g_file_max; i++) {
        if (f[i]._flag & IOMYBUF) {
            wrapper_free(mem, f[i]._base_addr);
        }
    }
}

void get_env_var(char* out, char* name) {
    char* env = getenv(name);

    if (env == NULL) { // No environment variable found, so just return empty string
        out[0] = '\0';
        return;
    }

    if (snprintf(out, PATH_MAX, "%s", env) >= PATH_MAX) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error: Environment variable %s is too large\n", name);
        exit(1);
    }
}

static void init_usr_lib_redirect(void) {
    char path[PATH_MAX + 1] = { 0 };

    get_env_var(path, "USR_LIB");

    if (path[0] != '\0') {
        strcpy(usr_lib_redirect, path);
        return;
    }

    // gets the current executable's path
#ifdef __CYGWIN__
    uint32_t size = GetModuleFileName(NULL, path, PATH_MAX);
    if (size == 0 || size == PATH_MAX) {
        return;
    }
#elif defined __APPLE__
    uint32_t size = PATH_MAX;
    if (_NSGetExecutablePath(path, &size) < 0) {
        return;
    }
#elif defined __FreeBSD__
    // Get the current executable's path name using a management information buffer
    int mib[4];
    mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
    mib[1] = KERN_PROC;
    mib[2] = KERN_PROC_PATHNAME;
    mib[3] = -1;
    
    size_t len = sizeof(path);
    int success = sysctl(mib, 4, path, &len, NULL, 0);
    
    if (success != 0) {
       perror("sysctl");
       return;
    }
#else
    ssize_t size = readlink("/proc/self/exe", path, PATH_MAX);
    if (size < 0 || size == PATH_MAX) {
        return;
    }
#endif

    strcpy(usr_lib_redirect, dirname(path));
}

static void init_usr_include_redirect(void) {
    char path[PATH_MAX + 1] = { 0 };

    get_env_var(path, "USR_INCLUDE");

    strcpy(usr_include_redirect, path);
}

static void init_redirect_paths(void) {
    init_usr_lib_redirect();
    init_usr_include_redirect();
}

/**
 * Redirects `path` by replacing the initial segment `from` by `to`. The result is placed in `out`, and true returned
 * If `path` does not have `from` as its initial segment, or there is no `to`, false is returned.
 * If an error occurs, an error message will be printed, and the program exited.
 */
bool redirect_path(char* out, const char* path, const char* from, const char* to) {
    int from_len = strlen(from);

    if ((strncmp(path, from, from_len) == 0) && (to[0] != '\0')) {
        char redirected_path[PATH_MAX + 1] = { 0 };
        int n;

        n = snprintf(redirected_path, sizeof(redirected_path), "%s%s", to, path + from_len);

        if ((n >= 0) && ((size_t)n < sizeof(redirected_path))) {
            strcpy(out, redirected_path);
            return true;
        }

        // Redirection failed
        fprintf(stderr, "Error: Unable to redirect %s->%s for %s\n", from, to, path);
        exit(1);
    }

    return false;
}

typedef struct GlobalArgs {
    int argc;
    char** argv;
} GlobalArgs;

static GlobalArgs global_args = { 0, NULL };

static void init_global_args(int argc, char** argv) {
    assert(global_args.argc == 0);
    assert(global_args.argv == NULL);

    global_args.argc = argc;
    global_args.argv = malloc((argc + 1) * sizeof(char*));
    for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        global_args.argv[i] = malloc((strlen(argv[i]) + 1) * sizeof(char));
        strcpy(global_args.argv[i], argv[i]);
    }
    global_args.argv[argc] = NULL;
}

static void destroy_global_args(void) {
    assert(global_args.argc != 0);
    assert(global_args.argv != NULL);

    for (int i = 0; i < global_args.argc; i++) {
        free(global_args.argv[i]);
    }

    free(global_args.argv);
    global_args.argc = 0;
}

static char** make_argv_from_mem(uint8_t* mem, int argc, uint32_t argv_addr) {
    char** argv = malloc((argc + 1) * sizeof(char*));

    for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        uint32_t str_addr = MEM_U32(argv_addr + i * sizeof(uint32_t));
        uint32_t len = wrapper_strlen(mem, str_addr) + 1;

        argv[i] = malloc(len * sizeof(char));
        char* pos = argv[i];
        while (len--) {
            *pos++ = MEM_S8(str_addr);
            ++str_addr;
        }
    }

    argv[argc] = NULL;

    return argv;
}

static void free_argv(int argc, char** argv) {
    for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        free(argv[i]);
    }

    free(argv);
}

void final_cleanup(uint8_t* mem) {
    wrapper_fflush(mem, 0);
    free_all_file_bufs(mem);
    mem += MEM_REGION_START;
    memory_unmap(mem, MEM_REGION_SIZE);
    destroy_global_args();
}

void print_version_info(void);
const char* progname;

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
    int ret;
    progname = argv[0];

    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--version") == 0) {
            print_version_info();
            return 0;
        }
    }

    init_redirect_paths();
#ifdef RUNTIME_PAGESIZE
    g_Pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
#endif /* RUNTIME_PAGESIZE */

    uint8_t* mem = memory_map(MEM_REGION_SIZE);
    mem -= MEM_REGION_START;
    init_global_args(argc, argv);
    int run(uint8_t * mem, int argc, char* argv[]);
    ret = run(mem, argc, argv);
    final_cleanup(mem);
    return ret;
}

void mmap_initial_data_range(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t start, uint32_t end) {
    custom_libc_data_addr = end;
#ifdef __APPLE__
    end += vm_page_size;
#elif defined RUNTIME_PAGESIZE
    end += g_Pagesize;
#else
    end += 4096;
#endif /* __APPLE__ */
    memory_allocate(mem, start, end);
    cur_sbrk = end;
}

void setup_libc_data(uint8_t* mem) {
    memory_allocate(mem, LIBC_ADDR, (LIBC_ADDR + LIBC_SIZE));
    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(ctype); i++) {
        MEM_U8(CTYPE_ADDR + i) = ctype[i];
    }
    STDIN->_flag = IOREAD;
    STDIN->_file = 0;
    STDOUT->_flag = IOWRT;
    STDOUT->_file = 1;
    STDERR->_flag = IOWRT | IONBF;
    STDERR->_file = 2;
}

static uint32_t memcpy_str2mem(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t dest_addr, const char* str, size_t count) {
    uint32_t p = dest_addr;

    while (count--) {
        MEM_S8(p) = *str++;
        p++;
    }
    return dest_addr;
}

static uint32_t strcpy_str2mem(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t dest_addr, const char* str) {
    for (;;) {
        char c = *str;
        ++str;
        MEM_S8(dest_addr) = c;
        ++dest_addr;
        if (c == '\0') {
            return dest_addr - 1;
        }
    }
}

static char* strcpy_mem2str(uint8_t* mem, char* dest, uint32_t src_addr) {
    for (;;) {
        char c = MEM_S8(src_addr);
        src_addr++;
        *dest++ = c;
        if (c == '\0') {
            return dest - 1;
        }
    }
}

uint32_t wrapper_sbrk(uint8_t* mem, int increment) {
    uint32_t old = cur_sbrk;
    size_t alignedInc = ROUND_PAGE(old + increment) - old;
    memory_allocate(mem, old, old + alignedInc);
    cur_sbrk += alignedInc;
    return old;
}

/*
Simple bin-based malloc algorithm

The memory is divided into bins of item sizes 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, ..., 2^30.
Size requests are divided into these bin sizes and each bin is handled
completely separate from other bins.

For each bin there is a linked list of free'd items.
Linked list node:
struct FreeListNode {
    struct Node *next;
    size_t free_space_after;
    uint8_t data[bin_item_size];
};
At most one value of next and space_after is non-zero.
If a node exists in the linked list, it is the memory node to return.
struct AllocatedNode {
    int bin;
    uint32_t current_size;
    uint8_t data[bin_item_size];
};
The returned address is the data element.
When the last list node is returned, and free_space_after is big enough
for a new node, a new node is created having free_space_after set to
(free_space_after - (8 + bin_item_size)), and is appended to the list.

If the list was empty, a new memory chunk is requested from the system
of 65536 bytes, or at least (8 + bin_item_size), rounded up to nearest
page size boundary. It can also be smaller if it leaves holes bigger than
4096 bytes that can never be used. This chunk is then inserted to the list,
and the algorithm restarts.

This algorithm, for each bin, never uses more than twice as much as is
maximally in use (plus 65536 bytes).
The malloc/free calls run in O(1) and calloc/realloc calls run in O(size).
*/

size_t mem_used;
size_t mem_allocated;
size_t max_mem_used;
size_t num_sbrks;
size_t num_allocs;
uint32_t wrapper_malloc(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t size) {
    int bin = -1;

    for (int i = 3; i < 30; i++) {
        if (size <= (1U << i)) {
            bin = i;
            break;
        }
    }

    if (bin == -1) {
        return 0;
    }
    ++num_allocs;
    mem_used += size;
    max_mem_used = MAX(mem_used, max_mem_used);
    uint32_t item_size = 1 << bin;
    uint32_t list_ptr = MALLOC_BINS_ADDR + (bin - 3) * 4;
    uint32_t node_ptr = MEM_U32(list_ptr);
    if (node_ptr == 0) {
        uint32_t sbrk_request = 0x10000;
        if (8 + item_size > sbrk_request) {
            sbrk_request = 8 + item_size;
            sbrk_request = ROUND_PAGE(sbrk_request);
        }
        uint32_t left_over = sbrk_request % (8 + item_size);
        sbrk_request -= left_over & ~(4096 - 1);
        mem_allocated += sbrk_request;
        ++num_sbrks;
        node_ptr = wrapper_sbrk(mem, sbrk_request);
        MEM_U32(node_ptr + 4) = sbrk_request - (8 + item_size);
    }
    uint32_t next = MEM_U32(node_ptr);
    if (next == 0) {
        uint32_t free_space_after = MEM_U32(node_ptr + 4);
        if (free_space_after >= 8 + item_size) {
            next = node_ptr + 8 + item_size;
            MEM_U32(next + 4) = free_space_after - (8 + item_size);
        }
    } else {
        assert(MEM_U32(node_ptr + 4) == 0);
    }
    MEM_U32(list_ptr) = next;
    MEM_U32(node_ptr) = bin;
    MEM_U32(node_ptr + 4) = size;
    return node_ptr + 8;
}

uint32_t wrapper_calloc(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t num, uint32_t size) {
    uint64_t new_size = (uint64_t)num * size;
    assert(new_size == (uint32_t)new_size);
    uint32_t ret = wrapper_malloc(mem, new_size);
    return wrapper_memset(mem, ret, 0, new_size);
}

uint32_t wrapper_realloc(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t data_addr, uint32_t size) {
    if (data_addr == 0) {
        return wrapper_malloc(mem, size);
    } else {
        uint32_t node_ptr = data_addr - 8;
        int bin = MEM_U32(node_ptr);
        uint32_t old_size = MEM_U32(node_ptr + 4);
        uint32_t max_size = 1 << bin;
        assert(bin >= 3 && bin < 30);
        assert(old_size <= max_size);
        if (size <= max_size) {
            mem_used = mem_used - old_size + size;
            MEM_U32(node_ptr + 4) = size;
            return data_addr;
        } else {
            uint32_t new_addr = wrapper_malloc(mem, size);
            wrapper_memcpy(mem, new_addr, data_addr, old_size);
            wrapper_free(mem, data_addr);
            return new_addr;
        }
    }
}

void wrapper_free(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t data_addr) {
    if (data_addr == 0) {
        return;
    }
    uint32_t node_ptr = data_addr - 8;
    int bin = MEM_U32(node_ptr);
    uint32_t size = MEM_U32(node_ptr + 4);
    if (size == 0) {
        // Double free. IDO 5.3 strip relies on this.
        fprintf(stderr, "warning: double free: 0x%x\n", data_addr);
        return;
    }
    uint32_t list_ptr = MALLOC_BINS_ADDR + (bin - 3) * 4;
    assert(bin >= 3 && bin < 30);
    assert(size <= (1U << bin));
    MEM_U32(node_ptr) = MEM_U32(list_ptr);
    MEM_U32(node_ptr + 4) = 0;
    MEM_U32(list_ptr) = node_ptr;
    mem_used -= size;
}

int wrapper_fscanf(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t fp_addr, uint32_t format_addr, uint32_t sp) {
    UNUSED struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    STRING(format)
    (void)format;

    int ret = 0;
    char c;
    int ch;
    sp += 2 * 4;
    for (;;) {
        c = MEM_S8(format_addr);
        ++format_addr;
        if (c == '%') {
            c = MEM_S8(format_addr);
            ++format_addr;
            if (c == '%') {
                goto percent;
            }
            for (;;) {
                ch = wrapper_fgetc(mem, fp_addr);
                if (ch == -1) {
                    return ret;
                }
                if (!isspace(ch)) {
                    break;
                }
            }
            bool l = false;
        continue_format:
            switch (c) {
                case 'l':
                    assert(!l && "ll not implemented in fscanf");
                    l = true;
                    c = MEM_S8(format_addr);
                    ++format_addr;
                    goto continue_format;
                case 'd': {
                    int64_t num = 0;
                    int sign = 1;
                    bool found_first = false;
                    if (ch == '-') {
                        sign = -1;
                        ch = wrapper_fgetc(mem, fp_addr);
                        if (ch == -1) {
                            return ret;
                        }
                    }
                    for (;;) {
                        if (isdigit(ch)) {
                            num *= 10;
                            num += ch - '0';
                            found_first = true;
                            ch = wrapper_fgetc(mem, fp_addr);
                            if (ch == -1) {
                                break;
                            }
                        } else {
                            wrapper_ungetc(mem, ch, fp_addr);
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    if (found_first) {
                        uint32_t int_addr = MEM_U32(sp);
                        sp += 4;
                        MEM_S32(int_addr) = (int)(num * sign);
                        ++ret;
                    } else {
                        return ret;
                    }
                    break;
                }
                default:
                    assert(0 && "fscanf format not implemented");
            }
        } else if (c == '\0') {
            break;
        } else {
        percent:
            ch = wrapper_fgetc(mem, fp_addr);
            if (ch == -1) {
                break;
            }
            if ((char)ch != c) {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    return ret;
}

/* printf wrappers and auxiliary functions */

typedef int (*prout)(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t* out, uint32_t in_addr, uint32_t count);

int prout_file(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t* fp_addr, uint32_t in_addr, uint32_t count) {
    return wrapper_fwrite(mem, in_addr, 1, count, *fp_addr);
}

int prout_mem(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t* dest_addr, uint32_t in_addr, uint32_t count) {
    wrapper_memcpy(mem, *dest_addr, in_addr, count);
    MEM_U8(*dest_addr + count) = '\0';
    *dest_addr += count;
    return count;
}

/**
 * Get the arguments corresponding to the minwidth and precision ("*", ".*" or "*.*")
 */
static uint32_t get_asterisk_args(uint8_t* mem, int count, int args[2], uint32_t sp) {
    switch (count) {
        case 1:
            args[0] = MEM_U32(sp);
            sp += 4;
            break;

        case 2:
            args[0] = MEM_U32(sp);
            sp += 4;
            args[1] = MEM_U32(sp);
            sp += 4;
            break;

        default:
            break;
    }
    return sp;
}

// Macro is the only way to pass `data` into sprintf since it can vary in type.
#define ASTERISK_PRINTF(num_printed, buf, format_specifier, asterisk_count, ast_args, data) \
    switch (asterisk_count) {                                                               \
        case 0:                                                                             \
            num_printed = sprintf(buf, format_specifier, data);                             \
            break;                                                                          \
        case 1:                                                                             \
            num_printed = sprintf(buf, format_specifier, ast_args[0], data);                \
            break;                                                                          \
        case 2:                                                                             \
            num_printed = sprintf(buf, format_specifier, ast_args[0], ast_args[1], data);   \
            break;                                                                          \
    }

/**
 * printf internal that takes `mem` as input.
 */
int _mprintf(prout prout_func, uint8_t* mem, uint32_t* out, uint32_t format_addr, uint32_t sp) {
    STRING(format)

    int ret = 0;
    uint32_t sp_incr = 4;
    size_t buf_len = 0x1000;
    char* buf = malloc(buf_len);
    size_t str_len = 0x1000;
    char* str = malloc(str_len);

    while (true) {
        uint32_t pos = format_addr;
        char c = MEM_U8(pos);
        int asterisk_count = 0;
        int ast_args[2] = { 0, 0 };
        char format_specifier[0x100] = { '%' };
        int step_chars_printed = 0;

        // print non-format parts
        while ((c != '%') && (c != '\0')) {
            pos++;
            c = MEM_U8(pos);
        }
        if (format_addr != pos) {
            if (prout_func(mem, out, format_addr, pos - format_addr) != (int)(pos - format_addr)) {
                return -1;
            }
        }

        if (c == '\0') {
            break;
        }

        format_addr = pos;
        // Copy next format specifier and prepare the ground
        int i;
        for (i = 1; c != '\0'; i++) {
            pos++;
            c = MEM_U8(pos);
            format_specifier[i] = c;
            switch (c) {
                // need an extra argument
                case '*':
                    asterisk_count++;
                    continue;

                // flags
                case '+':
                case '-':
                case '#':
                case '0':
                // precision indicator
                case '.':
                // length modifiers (others exist, but only in >=C99)
                case 'h':
                case 'l':
                case 'L':
                // minimum field widths
                case '1':
                case '2':
                case '3':
                case '4':
                case '5':
                case '6':
                case '7':
                case '8':
                case '9':
                    continue;

                default:
                    break;
            }
            i++;
            break;
        } /* for (i = 1; c != '\0'; i++) */
        format_specifier[i] = '\0';

        // format and print
        switch (c) {
            case '%':
                step_chars_printed = sprintf(buf, "%c", '%');
                break;

            case 'c':
            case 'd':
            case 'i':
            case 'o':
            case 'X':
            case 'x':
            case 'u':
                sp = get_asterisk_args(mem, asterisk_count, ast_args, sp);
                ASTERISK_PRINTF(step_chars_printed, buf, format_specifier, asterisk_count, ast_args, MEM_U32(sp));
                break;

            case 'F':
            case 'f':
            case 'G':
            case 'g':
            case 'E':
            case 'e':
                sp = get_asterisk_args(mem, asterisk_count, ast_args, sp);

                // align to position of float promoted to double
                if ((sp % 8) != 0) {
                    sp += 4;
                }

                ASTERISK_PRINTF(step_chars_printed, buf, format_specifier, asterisk_count, ast_args, MEM_F64(sp));

                // Increment an extra time to leap over the second half of the double
                sp += sp_incr;
                break;

            case 's':
                // Special handling for most common case
                if (strcmp(format_specifier, "%s") == 0) {
                    uint32_t str_addr = MEM_U32(sp);
                    size_t len = wrapper_strlen(mem, str_addr);
                    step_chars_printed = prout_func(mem, out, str_addr, len);
                    goto increments;
                }

                sp = get_asterisk_args(mem, asterisk_count, ast_args, sp);

                // Copy string into normal memory to be able to pass it to normal printf functions
                step_chars_printed = wrapper_strlen(mem, MEM_U32(sp));
                if (step_chars_printed + 1 > (int)str_len) {
                    str_len = step_chars_printed + 1;
                    str = realloc(str, str_len);
                }
                strcpy_mem2str(mem, str, MEM_U32(sp));

                // Work out the actual length to print
                switch (asterisk_count) {
                    case 0:
                        step_chars_printed = snprintf(NULL, 0, format_specifier, str);
                        break;

                    case 1:
                        step_chars_printed = snprintf(NULL, 0, format_specifier, ast_args[0], str);
                        break;

                    case 2:
                        step_chars_printed = snprintf(NULL, 0, format_specifier, ast_args[0], ast_args[1], str);
                        break;
                }
                if (step_chars_printed + 1 > (int)buf_len) {
                    buf_len = step_chars_printed + 1;
                    buf = realloc(buf, buf_len);
                }

                ASTERISK_PRINTF(step_chars_printed, buf, format_specifier, asterisk_count, ast_args, str);
                break;

            default:
                fprintf(stderr, "missing format: '%s'\n", format);
                assert(0 && "non-implemented printf format");
                break;
        }

        int chars_printed = 0;
        while (chars_printed < step_chars_printed) {
            int in_count = MIN(INTBUF_SIZE, step_chars_printed - chars_printed);

            memcpy_str2mem(mem, INTBUF_ADDR, buf + chars_printed, in_count);

            int out_count = prout_func(mem, out, INTBUF_ADDR, in_count);
            if (out_count != in_count) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Did not print %s successfully\n", format);
                return ret;
            }
            chars_printed += out_count;
        }

    increments:
        sp += sp_incr;
        ret += step_chars_printed;
        pos++;
        format_addr = pos;
    } /* while (true) */
    free(buf);
    free(str);

    return ret;
}

int wrapper_fprintf(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t fp_addr, uint32_t format_addr, uint32_t sp) {
    sp += 8;
    return _mprintf(prout_file, mem, &fp_addr, format_addr, sp);
}

int wrapper_printf(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t format_addr, uint32_t sp) {
    uint32_t fp_addr = STDOUT_ADDR;

    sp += 4;
    return _mprintf(prout_file, mem, &fp_addr, format_addr, sp);
}

int wrapper_sprintf(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr, uint32_t format_addr, uint32_t sp) {
    sp += 8;
    return _mprintf(prout_mem, mem, &str_addr, format_addr, sp);
}

int wrapper__doprnt(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t format_addr, uint32_t params_addr, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    assert(0 && "_doprnt not implemented");
    return 0;
}

uint32_t wrapper_strlen(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr) {
    uint32_t len = 0;
    while (MEM_S8(str_addr) != '\0') {
        ++str_addr;
        ++len;
    }
    return len;
}

int wrapper_open(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t path_addr, int flags, int mode) {
    STRING(path)

    char rpath[PATH_MAX + 1];
    char* pathPtr = path;

    if (redirect_path(rpath, path, "/usr/include", usr_include_redirect) ||
        redirect_path(rpath, path, "/usr/lib", usr_lib_redirect) ||
        redirect_path(rpath, path, "/lib", usr_lib_redirect) ) {
        pathPtr = rpath;
    }

    int f = flags & O_ACCMODE;
    if (flags & 0x100) {
        f |= O_CREAT;
    }
    if (flags & 0x200) {
        f |= O_TRUNC;
    }
    if (flags & 0x400) {
        f |= O_EXCL;
    }
    if (flags & 0x800) {
        f |= O_NOCTTY;
    }
    if (flags & 0x08) {
        f |= O_APPEND;
    }

    int fd = open(pathPtr, f, mode);
    MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    return fd;
}

int wrapper_creat(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t pathname_addr, int mode) {
    STRING(pathname)

    int ret = creat(pathname, mode);
    if (ret < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_access(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t pathname_addr, int mode) {
    STRING(pathname)
    int ret = access(pathname, mode);
    if (ret != 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_rename(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t oldpath_addr, uint32_t newpath_addr) {
    STRING(oldpath)
    STRING(newpath)
    int ret = rename(oldpath, newpath);
    if (ret != 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_utime(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t filename_addr, uint32_t times_addr) {
    STRING(filename)
    struct utimbuf buf = { 0, 0 };
    int ret = utime(filename, times_addr == 0 ? NULL : &buf);
    if (ret == 0) {
        if (times_addr != 0) {
            MEM_U32(times_addr + 0) = buf.actime;
            MEM_U32(times_addr + 4) = buf.modtime;
        }
    } else {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_flock(uint8_t* mem, int fd, int operation) {
    int ret = flock(fd, operation);
    if (ret != 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_chmod(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t path_addr, uint32_t mode) {
    STRING(path)
    int ret = chmod(path, mode);
    if (ret < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_umask(int mode) {
    return umask(mode);
}

uint32_t wrapper_ecvt(uint8_t* mem, double number, int ndigits, uint32_t decpt_addr, uint32_t sign_addr) {
    assert(0);
}

uint32_t wrapper_fcvt(uint8_t* mem, double number, int ndigits, uint32_t decpt_addr, uint32_t sign_addr) {
    assert(0);
}

double wrapper_sqrt(double v) {
    return sqrt(v);
}

float wrapper_sqrtf(float v) {
    return sqrtf(v);
}

int wrapper_atoi(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t nptr_addr) {
    STRING(nptr)
    return atoi(nptr);
}

int wrapper_atol(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t nptr_addr) {
    return wrapper_atoi(mem, nptr_addr);
}

double wrapper_atof(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t nptr_addr) {
    STRING(nptr);
    return atof(nptr);
}

int wrapper_strtol(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t nptr_addr, uint32_t endptr_addr, int base) {
    STRING(nptr)
    char* endptr = NULL;
    int64_t res = strtoll(nptr, endptr_addr != 0 ? &endptr : NULL, base);
    if (res > INT_MAX) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = ERANGE;
        res = INT_MAX;
    }
    if (res < INT_MIN) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = ERANGE;
        res = INT_MIN;
    }
    if (endptr != NULL) {
        MEM_U32(endptr_addr) = nptr_addr + (uint32_t)(endptr - nptr);
    }
    return res;
}

uint32_t wrapper_strtoul(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t nptr_addr, uint32_t endptr_addr, int base) {
    STRING(nptr)
    char* endptr = NULL;
    uint64_t res = strtoull(nptr, endptr_addr != 0 ? &endptr : NULL, base);
    if (res > INT_MAX) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = ERANGE;
        res = INT_MAX;
    }
    if (endptr != NULL) {
        MEM_U32(endptr_addr) = nptr_addr + (uint32_t)(endptr - nptr);
    }
    return res;
}

int64_t wrapper_strtoll(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t nptr_addr, uint32_t endptr_addr, int base) {
    STRING(nptr)
    char* endptr = NULL;
    errno = 0;
    int64_t res = strtoll(nptr, endptr_addr != 0 ? &endptr : NULL, base);
    if (errno != 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    if (endptr != NULL) {
        MEM_U32(endptr_addr) = nptr_addr + (uint32_t)(endptr - nptr);
    }
    return res;
}

uint64_t wrapper_strtoull(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t nptr_addr, uint32_t endptr_addr, int base) {
    STRING(nptr)
    char* endptr = NULL;
    errno = 0;
    uint64_t res = strtoull(nptr, endptr_addr != 0 ? &endptr : NULL, base);
    if (errno != 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    if (endptr != NULL) {
        MEM_U32(endptr_addr) = nptr_addr + (uint32_t)(endptr - nptr);
    }
    return res;
}

double wrapper_strtod(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t nptr_addr, uint32_t endptr_addr) {
    STRING(nptr)
    char* endptr = NULL;
    errno = 0;
    double res = strtod(nptr, endptr_addr != 0 ? &endptr : NULL);
    if (errno != 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    if (endptr != NULL) {
        MEM_U32(endptr_addr) = nptr_addr + (uint32_t)(endptr - nptr);
    }
    return res;
}

uint32_t wrapper_strchr(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr, int c) {
    c = c & 0xff;
    for (;;) {
        unsigned char ch = MEM_U8(str_addr);
        if (ch == c) {
            return str_addr;
        }
        if (ch == '\0') {
            return 0;
        }
        ++str_addr;
    }
}

uint32_t wrapper_strrchr(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr, int c) {
    c = c & 0xff;
    uint32_t ret = 0;
    for (;;) {
        unsigned char ch = MEM_U8(str_addr);
        if (ch == c) {
            ret = str_addr;
        }
        if (ch == '\0') {
            return ret;
        }
        ++str_addr;
    }
}

uint32_t wrapper_strcspn(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr, uint32_t invalid_addr) {
    STRING(invalid)
    size_t n = strlen(invalid);
    uint32_t pos = 0;
    char c;

    while ((c = MEM_U8(str_addr)) != 0) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            if (c == invalid[i]) {
                return pos;
            }
        }
        ++pos;
        ++str_addr;
    }
    return pos;
}

uint32_t wrapper_strpbrk(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr, uint32_t accept_addr) {
    STRING(accept)
    size_t n = strlen(accept);
    char c;

    while ((c = MEM_S8(str_addr)) != 0) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            if (c == accept[i]) {
                return str_addr;
            }
        }
        ++str_addr;
    }
    return 0;
}

static void stat_common(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t buf_addr, struct stat* statbuf) {
    struct irix_stat {
        int st_dev;
        int pad1[3];
        int st_ino;
        int st_mode;
        int st_nlink;
        int st_uid;
        int st_gid;
        int st_rdev;
        int pad2[2];
        int st_size;
        int pad3;
        struct timespec_t_irix st_atim;
        struct timespec_t_irix st_mtim;
        struct timespec_t_irix st_ctim;
        int st_blksize;
        int st_blocks;
    } s;
    s.st_dev = statbuf->st_dev;
    s.st_ino = statbuf->st_ino;
    s.st_mode = statbuf->st_mode;
    s.st_nlink = statbuf->st_nlink;
    s.st_uid = statbuf->st_uid;
    s.st_gid = statbuf->st_gid;
    s.st_rdev = statbuf->st_rdev;
    s.st_size = statbuf->st_size;
#ifdef __APPLE__
    s.st_atim.tv_sec = statbuf->st_atimespec.tv_sec;
    s.st_atim.tv_nsec = statbuf->st_atimespec.tv_nsec;
    s.st_mtim.tv_sec = statbuf->st_mtimespec.tv_sec;
    s.st_mtim.tv_nsec = statbuf->st_mtimespec.tv_nsec;
    s.st_ctim.tv_sec = statbuf->st_ctimespec.tv_sec;
    s.st_ctim.tv_nsec = statbuf->st_ctimespec.tv_nsec;
#else
    s.st_atim.tv_sec = statbuf->st_atim.tv_sec;
    s.st_atim.tv_nsec = statbuf->st_atim.tv_nsec;
    s.st_mtim.tv_sec = statbuf->st_mtim.tv_sec;
    s.st_mtim.tv_nsec = statbuf->st_mtim.tv_nsec;
    s.st_ctim.tv_sec = statbuf->st_ctim.tv_sec;
    s.st_ctim.tv_nsec = statbuf->st_ctim.tv_nsec;
#endif
    memcpy(&MEM_U32(buf_addr), &s, sizeof(s));
}

int wrapper_fstat(uint8_t* mem, int fildes, uint32_t buf_addr) {
    struct stat statbuf;
    if (fstat(fildes, &statbuf) < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
        return -1;
    } else {
        stat_common(mem, buf_addr, &statbuf);
        return 0;
    }
}

int wrapper_stat(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t pathname_addr, uint32_t buf_addr) {
    STRING(pathname)
    struct stat statbuf;
    if (stat(pathname, &statbuf) < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
        return -1;
    } else {
        stat_common(mem, buf_addr, &statbuf);
        return 0;
    }
}

int wrapper_ftruncate(uint8_t* mem, int fd, int length) {
    int ret = ftruncate(fd, length);
    if (ret != 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_truncate(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t pathname_addr, int length) {
    STRING(pathname)
    int ret = truncate(pathname, length);
    if (ret != 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

void wrapper_bcopy(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t src_addr, uint32_t dst_addr, uint32_t len) {
    if (dst_addr % 4 == 0 && src_addr % 4 == 0 && len % 4 == 0) {
        // Use memmove to copy regions that are 4-byte aligned.
        // This prevents the byte-swapped mem from causing issues when copying normally.
        // Memmove handles overlapping copies correctly, so overlap does not need to be checked.
        memmove(&MEM_U32(dst_addr), &MEM_U32(src_addr), len);
    } else if (dst_addr > src_addr) {
        // Perform a reverse byte-swapped copy when the destination is ahead of the source.
        // This prevents overwriting the source contents before they're read.
        dst_addr += len - 1;
        src_addr += len - 1;
        while (len--) {
            MEM_U8(dst_addr) = MEM_U8(src_addr);
            --dst_addr;
            --src_addr;
        }
    } else {
        // Otherwise, perform a normal byte-swapped copy.
        while (len--) {
            MEM_U8(dst_addr) = MEM_U8(src_addr);
            ++dst_addr;
            ++src_addr;
        }
    }
}

/**
 * IRIX's memcpy seems to allow overlapping destination and source pointers, while the C standard dictates
 * both pointer should not overlap, (UB otherwise).
 * Because of this, we only use host bcopy since it can handle overlapping regions
 */
uint32_t wrapper_memcpy(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t dst_addr, uint32_t src_addr, uint32_t len) {
    wrapper_bcopy(mem, src_addr, dst_addr, len);
    return dst_addr;
}

uint32_t wrapper_memccpy(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t dst_addr, uint32_t src_addr, int c, uint32_t len) {
    while (len--) {
        uint8_t ch = MEM_U8(src_addr);
        MEM_U8(dst_addr) = ch;
        ++dst_addr;
        ++src_addr;
        if (ch == c) {
            return dst_addr;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_read(uint8_t* mem, int fd, uint32_t buf_addr, uint32_t nbytes) {
    uint8_t* buf = (uint8_t*)malloc(nbytes);
    ssize_t ret = read(fd, buf, nbytes);
    if (ret < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    } else {
        for (ssize_t i = 0; i < ret; i++) {
            MEM_U8(buf_addr + i) = buf[i];
        }
    }
    free(buf);
    return (int)ret;
}

int wrapper_write(uint8_t* mem, int fd, uint32_t buf_addr, uint32_t nbytes) {
    uint8_t* buf = (uint8_t*)malloc(nbytes);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < nbytes; i++) {
        buf[i] = MEM_U8(buf_addr + i);
    }
    ssize_t ret = write(fd, buf, nbytes);
    if (ret < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    free(buf);
    return (int)ret;
}

static uint32_t init_file(uint8_t* mem, int fd, int i, const char* path, const char* mode) {
    int flags = O_RDONLY;
    if (strcmp(mode, "r") == 0 || strcmp(mode, "rb") == 0) {
        flags = O_RDONLY;
    } else if (strcmp(mode, "w") == 0 || strcmp(mode, "wb") == 0) {
        flags = O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC;
    } else if (strcmp(mode, "a") == 0 || strcmp(mode, "ab") == 0) {
        flags = O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_APPEND;
    } else if (strcmp(mode, "r+") == 0 || strcmp(mode, "r+b") == 0) {
        flags = O_RDWR;
    } else if (strcmp(mode, "w+") == 0 || strcmp(mode, "w+b") == 0) {
        flags = O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC;
    } else if (strcmp(mode, "a+") == 0 || strcmp(mode, "a+b") == 0) {
        flags = O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_APPEND;
    }

    if (fd == -1) {
        char rpath[PATH_MAX + 1];
        const char* pathPtr = path;

        if (redirect_path(rpath, path, "/usr/lib/DCC", usr_lib_redirect) ||
            redirect_path(rpath, path, "/usr/lib", usr_lib_redirect)) {
            pathPtr = rpath;
        }

        fd = open(pathPtr, flags, 0666);

        if (fd < 0) {
            MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
            return 0;
        }
    }
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(IOB_ADDR);
    uint32_t ret = 0;
    if (i == -1) {
        for (i = 3; i < NFILE; i++) {
            if (f[i]._flag == 0) {
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    assert(i < NFILE);
    g_file_max = i + 1;
    ret = IOB_ADDR + i * sizeof(struct FILE_irix);
    f[i]._cnt = 0;
    f[i]._ptr_addr = 0;
    f[i]._base_addr = 0;
    f[i]._file = fd;
    f[i]._flag = (flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_RDONLY ? IOREAD : 0;
    f[i]._flag |= (flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY ? IOWRT : 0;
    f[i]._flag |= (flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_RDWR ? IORW : 0;
    bufendtab[i] = 0;
    return ret;
}

uint32_t wrapper_fopen(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t path_addr, uint32_t mode_addr) {
    if (path_addr == 0) {
        return 0;
    }
    assert(mode_addr != 0);

    STRING(path)
    STRING(mode)

    return init_file(mem, -1, -1, path, mode);
}

uint32_t wrapper_freopen(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t path_addr, uint32_t mode_addr, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    STRING(path)
    STRING(mode)

    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    wrapper_fclose(mem, fp_addr);
    return init_file(mem, -1, f - (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(IOB_ADDR), path, mode);
}

int wrapper_fclose(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    wrapper_fflush(mem, fp_addr);
    if (f->_flag & IOMYBUF) {
        wrapper_free(mem, f->_base_addr);
    }
    f->_flag = 0;
    close(f->_file);
    return 0;
}

static int flush_all(uint8_t* mem) {
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(IOB_ADDR);
    int ret = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < g_file_max; i++) {
        if (f[i]._flag & IOWRT) {
            ret |= wrapper_fflush(mem, IOB_ADDR + i * sizeof(struct FILE_irix));
        }
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_fflush(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    if (fp_addr == 0) {
        // Flush all
        return flush_all(mem);
    }
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    if (f->_flag & IOWRT) {
        int p = 0;
        int to_flush = f->_ptr_addr - f->_base_addr;
        int c = to_flush;
        while (c > 0) {
            int r = wrapper_write(mem, f->_file, f->_base_addr + p, c);
            if (r < 0) {
                f->_file |= IOERR;
                return -1;
            }
            p += r;
            c -= r;
        }
        f->_ptr_addr = f->_base_addr;
        f->_cnt += to_flush;
    }
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_fchown(uint8_t* mem, int fd, int owner, int group) {
    int ret = fchown(fd, owner, group);
    if (ret != 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_ftell(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    int adjust;
    if (f->_cnt < 0) {
        f->_cnt = 0;
    }
    if (f->_flag & IOREAD) {
        adjust = -f->_cnt;
    } else if (f->_flag & (IOWRT | IORW)) {
        adjust = 0;
        if ((f->_flag & IOWRT) && f->_base_addr != 0 && (f->_flag & IONBF) == 0) {
            adjust = f->_ptr_addr - f->_base_addr;
        }
    } else {
        return -1;
    }
    int res = wrapper_lseek(mem, f->_file, 0, 1);
    if (res >= 0) {
        res += adjust;
    }
    return res;
}

void wrapper_rewind(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    (void)wrapper_fseek(mem, fp_addr, 0, SEEK_SET);
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    f->_flag &= ~IOERR;
}

int wrapper_fseek(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t fp_addr, int offset, int origin) {
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    int c, p;
    f->_flag &= ~IOEOF;
    if (f->_flag & IOREAD) {
        if (origin < SEEK_END && f->_base_addr && !(f->_flag & IONBF)) {
            c = f->_cnt;
            p = offset;

            if (origin == SEEK_SET) {
                p += c - lseek(f->_file, 0L, SEEK_CUR);
            } else {
                offset -= c;
            }

            if (!(f->_flag & IORW) && c > 0 && p <= c && (uint32_t)p >= f->_base_addr - f->_ptr_addr) {
                f->_ptr_addr += p;
                f->_cnt -= p;
                return 0;
            }
        }
        if (f->_flag & IORW) {
            f->_ptr_addr = f->_base_addr;
            f->_flag &= ~IOREAD;
        }
        p = lseek(f->_file, offset, origin);
        f->_cnt = 0;
    } else if (f->_flag & (IOWRT | IORW)) {
        wrapper_fflush(mem, fp_addr);
        if (f->_flag & IORW) {
            f->_cnt = 0;
            f->_flag &= ~IOWRT;
            f->_ptr_addr = f->_base_addr;
        }
        p = lseek(f->_file, offset, origin);
    } else {
        assert(0 && "This code should be unreachable");
    }

    if (p < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
        return p;
    }
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_lseek(uint8_t* mem, int fd, int offset, int whence) {
    int ret = (int)lseek(fd, offset, whence);
    if (ret == -1) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_dup(uint8_t* mem, int fd) {
    fd = dup(fd);
    if (fd < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return fd;
}

int wrapper_dup2(uint8_t* mem, int oldfd, int newfd) {
    int fd = dup2(oldfd, newfd);
    if (fd < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return fd;
}

int wrapper_pipe(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t pipefd_addr) {
    int pipefd[2];
    int ret = pipe(pipefd);
    if (ret == 0) {
        MEM_U32(pipefd_addr + 0) = pipefd[0];
        MEM_U32(pipefd_addr + 4) = pipefd[1];
    } else {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

void wrapper_perror(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr) {
    STRING(str)
    perror(str);
}

int wrapper_fdopen(uint8_t* mem, int fd, uint32_t mode_addr) {
    STRING(mode)

    return init_file(mem, fd, -1, NULL, mode);
}

uint32_t wrapper_memset(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t dest_addr, int byte, uint32_t n) {
    uint32_t saved = dest_addr;
    if (dest_addr % 4 == 0 && n % 4 == 0) {
        memset(&MEM_U32(dest_addr), byte, n);
    } else {
        while (n--) {
            MEM_U8(dest_addr) = (uint8_t)byte;
            ++dest_addr;
        }
    }
    return saved;
}

int wrapper_bcmp(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t s1_addr, uint32_t s2_addr, uint32_t n) {
    while (n--) {
        if (MEM_U8(s1_addr) != MEM_U8(s2_addr)) {
            return 1;
        }
        ++s1_addr;
        ++s2_addr;
    }
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_memcmp(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t s1_addr, uint32_t s2_addr, uint32_t n) {
    while (n--) {
        unsigned char c1 = MEM_U8(s1_addr);
        unsigned char c2 = MEM_U8(s2_addr);
        if (c1 < c2) {
            return -1;
        }
        if (c1 > c2) {
            return 1;
        }
        ++s1_addr;
        ++s2_addr;
    }
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_getpid(void) {
    return getpid();
}

int wrapper_getpgrp(uint8_t* mem) {
    int ret = getpgrp();
    if (ret == -1) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_remove(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t path_addr) {
    STRING(path)
    int ret = remove(path);
    if (ret < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_unlink(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t path_addr) {
    if (path_addr == 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Warning: unlink with NULL as argument\n");
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = EFAULT;
        return -1;
    }
    STRING(path)
    int ret = unlink(path);
    if (ret < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_close(uint8_t* mem, int fd) {
    int ret = close(fd);
    if (ret < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_strcmp(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t s1_addr, uint32_t s2_addr) {
    for (;;) {
        char c1 = MEM_S8(s1_addr);
        char c2 = MEM_S8(s2_addr);
        if (c1 != c2) {
            return c1 < c2 ? -1 : 1;
        }
        if (c1 == '\0') {
            return 0;
        }
        ++s1_addr;
        ++s2_addr;
    }
}

int wrapper_strncmp(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t s1_addr, uint32_t s2_addr, uint32_t n) {
    if (n == 0) {
        return 0;
    }
    for (;;) {
        char c1 = MEM_S8(s1_addr);
        char c2 = MEM_S8(s2_addr);
        if (c1 != c2) {
            return c1 < c2 ? -1 : 1;
        }
        if (--n == 0 || c1 == '\0') {
            return 0;
        }
        ++s1_addr;
        ++s2_addr;
    }
}

uint32_t wrapper_strcpy(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t dest_addr, uint32_t src_addr) {
    uint32_t saved = dest_addr;
    for (;;) {
        char c = MEM_S8(src_addr);
        ++src_addr;
        MEM_S8(dest_addr) = c;
        ++dest_addr;
        if (c == '\0') {
            return saved;
        }
    }
}

uint32_t wrapper_strncpy(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t dest_addr, uint32_t src_addr, uint32_t n) {
    uint32_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < n && MEM_S8(src_addr) != '\0'; i++) {
        MEM_S8(dest_addr + i) = MEM_S8(src_addr + i);
    }
    for (; i < n; i++) {
        MEM_S8(dest_addr + i) = '\0';
    }
    return dest_addr;
}

uint32_t wrapper_strcat(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t dest_addr, uint32_t src_addr) {
    uint32_t saved = dest_addr;
    while (MEM_S8(dest_addr) != '\0') {
        ++dest_addr;
    }
    while (MEM_S8(src_addr) != '\0') {
        MEM_S8(dest_addr) = MEM_S8(src_addr);
        ++src_addr;
        ++dest_addr;
    }
    MEM_S8(dest_addr) = '\0';
    return saved;
}

uint32_t wrapper_strncat(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t dest_addr, uint32_t src_addr, uint32_t n) {
    uint32_t saved = dest_addr;
    while (MEM_S8(dest_addr) != '\0') {
        ++dest_addr;
    }
    while (n-- && MEM_S8(src_addr) != '\0') {
        MEM_S8(dest_addr) = MEM_S8(src_addr);
        ++src_addr;
        ++dest_addr;
    }
    MEM_S8(dest_addr) = '\0';
    return saved;
}

uint32_t wrapper_strtok(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr, uint32_t delimiters_addr) {
    if (str_addr == 0) {
        str_addr = MEM_U32(STRTOK_DATA_ADDR);
    }
    if (str_addr == 0) {
        // nothing remaining
        return 0;
    }
    uint32_t p;
    for (p = str_addr; MEM_S8(p) != '\0'; p++) {
        uint32_t q;
        for (q = delimiters_addr; MEM_S8(q) != '\0' && MEM_S8(q) != MEM_S8(p); q++) {}
        if (MEM_S8(q) == '\0') {
            break;
        }
    }
    if (MEM_S8(p) == '\0') {
        return 0;
    }
    uint32_t ret = p;
    for (;;) {
        uint32_t q;
        for (q = delimiters_addr; MEM_S8(q) != '\0' && MEM_S8(q) != MEM_S8(p); q++) {}
        if (MEM_S8(q) != '\0') {
            MEM_S8(p) = '\0';
            MEM_U32(STRTOK_DATA_ADDR) = ++p;
            return ret;
        }
        char next = MEM_S8(p);
        ++p;
        if (next == '\0') {
            MEM_U32(STRTOK_DATA_ADDR) = 0;
            return ret;
        }
    }
}

uint32_t wrapper_strstr(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str1_addr, uint32_t str2_addr) {
    for (;;) {
        if (MEM_S8(str1_addr) == '\0') {
            return 0;
        }
        uint32_t s1 = str1_addr;
        uint32_t s2 = str2_addr;
        for (;;) {
            char c2 = MEM_S8(s2);
            if (c2 == '\0') {
                return str1_addr;
            }
            if (MEM_S8(s1) == c2) {
                ++s1;
                ++s2;
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
        ++str1_addr;
    }
}

uint32_t wrapper_strdup(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr) {
    uint32_t len = wrapper_strlen(mem, str_addr) + 1;
    uint32_t ret = wrapper_malloc(mem, len);
    if (ret == 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = ENOMEM;
        return 0;
    }
    return wrapper_memcpy(mem, ret, str_addr, len);
}

int wrapper_toupper(int c) {
    return toupper(c);
}

int wrapper_tolower(int c) {
    return tolower(c);
}

int wrapper_gethostname(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t name_addr, uint32_t len) {
    char buf[256] = { 0 };
    if (len > 256) {
        len = 256;
    }
    int ret = gethostname(buf, len);
    if (ret < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    } else {
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            MEM_S8(name_addr + i) = buf[i];
        }
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_isatty(uint8_t* mem, int fd) {
    int ret = isatty(fd);
    if (ret == 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

uint32_t wrapper_strftime(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t ptr_addr, uint32_t maxsize, uint32_t format_addr,
                          uint32_t timeptr_addr) {
    MEM_S8(ptr_addr) = 0;
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_times(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t buffer_addr) {
    struct tms t;
    clock_t ret = times(&t);

    if (ret == (clock_t)-1) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    } else {
        MEM_U32(buffer_addr + 0x0) = t.tms_utime;
        MEM_U32(buffer_addr + 0x4) = t.tms_stime;
        MEM_U32(buffer_addr + 0x8) = t.tms_cutime;
        MEM_U32(buffer_addr + 0xC) = t.tms_cstime;
    }
    return (int)ret;
}

int wrapper_clock(void) {
    return (int)clock();
}

uint32_t wrapper_ctime(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t timep_addr) {
    time_t t = MEM_S32(timep_addr);
    char* res = ctime(&t);
    size_t len = strlen(res) + 1;
    uint32_t ret_addr = wrapper_malloc(mem, len);
    uint32_t pos = ret_addr;
    while (len--) {
        MEM_S8(pos) = *res;
        ++pos;
        ++res;
    }
    return ret_addr;
}

uint32_t wrapper_localtime(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t timep_addr) {
    time_t t = MEM_S32(timep_addr);
    struct irix_tm {
        int tm_sec;
        int tm_min;
        int tm_hour;
        int tm_mday;
        int tm_mon;
        int tm_year;
        int tm_wday;
        int tm_yday;
        int tm_isdst;
    };
    uint32_t ret = wrapper_malloc(mem, sizeof(struct irix_tm));
    struct irix_tm* r = (struct irix_tm*)&MEM_U32(ret);
    struct tm* l = localtime(&t);
    r->tm_sec = l->tm_sec;
    r->tm_min = l->tm_min;
    r->tm_hour = l->tm_hour;
    r->tm_mday = l->tm_mday;
    r->tm_mon = l->tm_mon;
    r->tm_year = l->tm_year;
    r->tm_wday = l->tm_wday;
    r->tm_yday = l->tm_yday;
    r->tm_isdst = l->tm_isdst;
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_setvbuf(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t fp_addr, uint32_t buf_addr, int mode, uint32_t size) {
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    wrapper_fflush(mem, fp_addr);
    if ((f->_flag & IOMYBUF) && f->_base_addr != 0) {
        wrapper_free(mem, f->_base_addr);
    }
    size &= ~0xf;
    f->_flag &= ~IOMYBUF;

    if (buf_addr == 0) {
        assert(size > 0);
        buf_addr = wrapper_malloc(mem, size);
        f->_flag |= IOMYBUF;
    }

    f->_base_addr = buf_addr;
    f->_ptr_addr = buf_addr;
    f->_cnt = 0;
    bufendtab[(fp_addr - IOB_ADDR) / sizeof(struct FILE_irix)] = size;
    return 0;
}

int wrapper___semgetc(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    assert(0);
}

int wrapper___semputc(uint8_t* mem, int c, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    assert(0);
}

int wrapper_fgetc(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    if (--f->_cnt < 0) {
        return wrapper___filbuf(mem, fp_addr);
    } else {
        int ret = MEM_U8(f->_ptr_addr);
        ++f->_ptr_addr;
        return ret;
    }
}

int wrapper_fgets(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr, int count, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    bool modified = false;
    uint32_t saved = str_addr;
    for (count--; count > 0; count--) {
        int ch = wrapper_fgetc(mem, fp_addr);
        if (ch == -1) {
            MEM_S8(str_addr) = '\0';
            return modified ? saved : 0;
        }
        modified = true;
        MEM_S8(str_addr) = (char)ch;
        ++str_addr;
        if (ch == '\n') {
            break;
        }
    }
    MEM_S8(str_addr) = '\0';
    return saved;
}

static void file_assign_buffer(uint8_t* mem, struct FILE_irix* f) {
    f->_base_addr = wrapper_malloc(mem, STDIO_BUFSIZE);
    f->_ptr_addr = f->_base_addr;
    f->_flag |= IOMYBUF;
    f->_cnt = 0;
    bufendtab[f - (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(IOB_ADDR)] = STDIO_BUFSIZE;
}

int wrapper___filbuf(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    if (!(f->_flag & IOREAD)) {
        if (f->_flag & IORW) {
            f->_flag |= IOREAD;
        } else {
            MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = 9; // EBADF
            return -1;
        }
    }
    if (f->_base_addr == 0) {
        file_assign_buffer(mem, f);
    }
    uint32_t size = bufendtab[(fp_addr - IOB_ADDR) / sizeof(struct FILE_irix)];
    int nread = wrapper_read(mem, f->_file, f->_base_addr, size);
    int ret = -1;
    if (nread > 0) {
        f->_ptr_addr = f->_base_addr;
        f->_cnt = nread;
        ret = MEM_U8(f->_ptr_addr);
        ++f->_ptr_addr;
        --f->_cnt;
    } else if (nread == 0) {
        f->_flag |= IOEOF;
    } else {
        f->_flag |= IOERR;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper___flsbuf(uint8_t* mem, int ch, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    if (wrapper_fflush(mem, fp_addr) != 0) {
        return -1;
    }
    if (f->_base_addr == 0) {
        file_assign_buffer(mem, f);
        f->_cnt = bufendtab[f - (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(IOB_ADDR)];
    }
    MEM_U8(f->_ptr_addr) = ch;
    ++f->_ptr_addr;
    --f->_cnt;
    if (f->_flag & IONBF) {
        if (wrapper_fflush(mem, fp_addr) != 0) {
            return -1;
        }
        f->_cnt = 0;
    }
    return ch;
}

int wrapper_ungetc(uint8_t* mem, int ch, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    if (ch == -1 || f->_ptr_addr == f->_base_addr) {
        return -1;
    }
    --f->_ptr_addr;
    MEM_U8(f->_ptr_addr) = (uint8_t)ch;
    ++f->_cnt;
    f->_flag &= ~IOEOF;
    return ch;
}

uint32_t wrapper_gets(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr) {
    uint32_t p, str0 = str_addr;
    int n;

    for (;;) {
        if (STDIN->_cnt <= 0) {
            if (wrapper___filbuf(mem, STDIN_ADDR) == -1) {
                if (str0 == str_addr) {
                    return 0;
                }
                break;
            }
            --STDIN->_ptr_addr;
            ++STDIN->_cnt;
        }
        n = STDIN->_cnt;
        if ((p = wrapper_memccpy(mem, str_addr, STDIN->_ptr_addr, '\n', n)) != 0) {
            n = p - str_addr;
        }
        str_addr += n;
        STDIN->_cnt -= n;
        STDIN->_ptr_addr += n;
        // bufsync
        if (p != 0) {
            // found '\n' in buffer
            --str_addr;
            break;
        }
    }
    MEM_S8(str_addr) = '\0';
    return str0;
}

uint32_t wrapper_fread(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t data_addr, uint32_t size, uint32_t count, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    int nleft = count * size;
    int n;

    // Special case for reading 0 bytes
    if (nleft == 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    for (;;) {
        if (f->_cnt <= 0) {
            if (wrapper___filbuf(mem, fp_addr) == -1) {
                return count - (nleft + size - 1) / size;
            }
            --f->_ptr_addr;
            ++f->_cnt;
        }
        n = MIN(nleft, f->_cnt);
        data_addr = wrapper_memcpy(mem, data_addr, f->_ptr_addr, n) + n;
        f->_cnt -= n;
        f->_ptr_addr += n;
        if ((nleft -= n) <= 0) {
            return count;
        }
    }
}

uint32_t wrapper_fwrite(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t data_addr, uint32_t size, uint32_t count, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    struct FILE_irix* f = (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(fp_addr);
    if (size > 0 && count > 0 && f->_base_addr == 0) {
        file_assign_buffer(mem, f);
        f->_cnt = bufendtab[f - (struct FILE_irix*)&MEM_U32(IOB_ADDR)];
        f->_flag |= IOWRT;
    }
    uint32_t num_written = 0;
    while (count--) {
        uint32_t s = size;
        while (s > 0) {
            uint32_t to_write = f->_cnt;
            if (s < to_write) {
                to_write = s;
            }
            if (f->_cnt == 0) {
                if (wrapper_fflush(mem, fp_addr) != 0) {
                    return num_written;
                }
            }
            wrapper_memcpy(mem, f->_ptr_addr, data_addr, to_write);
            data_addr += to_write;
            f->_ptr_addr += to_write;
            f->_cnt -= to_write;
            s -= to_write;
        }
        num_written++;
    }
    if (f->_flag & IONBF) {
        wrapper_fflush(mem, fp_addr); // TODO check error return value
    }
    return num_written;
}

int wrapper_fputs(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr, uint32_t fp_addr) {
    assert(str_addr != 0);

    uint32_t len = wrapper_strlen(mem, str_addr);
    uint32_t ret = wrapper_fwrite(mem, str_addr, 1, len, fp_addr);
    return ret == 0 && len != 0 ? -1 : 0;
}

int wrapper_puts(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr) {
    int ret = wrapper_fputs(mem, str_addr, STDOUT_ADDR);
    if (ret != 0) {
        return ret;
    }
    struct FILE_irix* f = STDOUT;
    if (--f->_cnt < 0) {
        if (wrapper___flsbuf(mem, '\n', STDOUT_ADDR) != '\n') {
            return -1;
        }
    } else {
        MEM_S8(f->_ptr_addr) = '\n';
        ++f->_ptr_addr;
    }
    return 0;
}

uint32_t wrapper_getcwd(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t buf_addr, uint32_t size) {
    char buf[size];
    if (getcwd(buf, size) == NULL) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
        return 0;
    } else {
        if (buf_addr == 0) {
            buf_addr = wrapper_malloc(mem, size);
        }
        strcpy_str2mem(mem, buf_addr, buf);
        return buf_addr;
    }
}

int wrapper_time(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t tloc_addr) {
    time_t ret = time(NULL);
    if (ret == (time_t)-1) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    } else if (tloc_addr != 0) {
        MEM_S32(tloc_addr) = ret;
    }
    return ret;
}

void wrapper_bzero(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr, uint32_t n) {
    while (n--) {
        MEM_U8(str_addr) = 0;
        ++str_addr;
    }
}

int wrapper_fp_class_d(double d) {
    union {
        uint32_t w[2];
        double d;
    } bits;
    bits.d = d;
    uint32_t a2 = bits.w[1];
    uint32_t a1 = a2 >> 20;
    uint32_t a0 = a1;
    a2 &= 0xfffff;
    uint32_t a3 = bits.w[0];
    a1 &= 0x7ff;
    a0 &= 0x800;
    if (a1 == 0x7ff) {
        if (a2 == 0 && a3 == 0) {
            return a0 == 0 ? 2 : 3;
        }
        a0 = a2 & 0x80000;
        return a0 == 0 ? 1 : 0;
    }
    if (a1 == 0) {
        if (a2 == 0 && a3 == 0) {
            return a0 == 0 ? 8 : 9;
        }
        return a0 == 0 ? 6 : 7;
    }
    return a0 == 0 ? 4 : 5;
}

double wrapper_ldexp(double d, int i) {
    return ldexp(d, i);
}

uint64_t wrapper___ll_mul(uint64_t a0, uint64_t a1) {
    return a0 * a1;
}

int64_t wrapper___ll_div(int64_t a0, int64_t a1) {
    return a0 / a1;
}

int64_t wrapper___ll_rem(uint64_t a0, int64_t a1) {
    return a0 % a1;
}

uint64_t wrapper___ll_lshift(uint64_t a0, uint64_t shift) {
    return a0 << (shift & 0x3F);
}

int64_t wrapper___ll_rshift(int64_t a0, uint64_t shift) {
    return a0 >> (shift & 0x3F);
}

uint64_t wrapper___ull_div(uint64_t a0, uint64_t a1) {
    return a0 / a1;
}

uint64_t wrapper___ull_rem(uint64_t a0, uint64_t a1) {
    return a0 % a1;
}

uint64_t wrapper___ull_rshift(uint64_t a0, uint64_t shift) {
    return a0 >> (shift & 0x3f);
}

uint64_t wrapper___d_to_ull(double d) {
    return d;
}

int64_t wrapper___d_to_ll(double d) {
    return d;
}

uint64_t wrapper___f_to_ull(float f) {
    return f;
}

int64_t wrapper___f_to_ll(float f) {
    return f;
}

float wrapper___ull_to_f(uint64_t v) {
    return v;
}

float wrapper___ll_to_f(int64_t v) {
    return v;
}

double wrapper___ull_to_d(uint64_t v) {
    return v;
}

double wrapper___ll_to_d(int64_t v) {
    return v;
}

void wrapper_abort(uint8_t* mem) {
    abort();
}

void wrapper_exit(uint8_t* mem, int status) {
    final_cleanup(mem);
    exit(status);
}

void wrapper__exit(uint8_t* mem, int status) {
    assert(0 && "_exit not implemented"); // exit() is already overridden
}

void wrapper__cleanup(uint8_t* mem) {
}

uint32_t wrapper__rld_new_interface(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t operation, uint32_t sp) {
    assert(0 && "_rld_new_interface not implemented");
    return 0;
}

void wrapper__exithandle(uint8_t* mem) {
    assert(0 && "_exithandle not implemented");
}

int wrapper__prctl(uint8_t* mem, int operation, uint32_t sp) {
    assert(0 && "_prctl not implemented");
    return 0;
}

double wrapper__atod(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t buffer_addr, int ndigits, int dexp) {
    // ftp://atoum.hst.nerim.net/irix/src/irix-6.5.5-src/6.5.5/m/irix/lib/libc/src/math/atod.c
    assert(0 && "_atod not implemented");
    return 0.0;
}

int wrapper_pathconf(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t path_addr, int name) {
    STRING(path)
    if (name == 5) {
        errno = 0;
        int ret = pathconf(path, _PC_PATH_MAX);
        if (errno != 0) {
            MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
        }
        return ret;
    }
    assert(0 && "pathconf not implemented for the specific 'name'");
    return 0;
}

uint32_t wrapper_getenv(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t name_addr) {
    STRING(name);
    const char* value = getenv(name);

#ifdef __FreeBSD__
    // If cc asks for TMPDIR and it's not set, we redirect it to /var/tmp instead of /tmp
    if (strncmp(name, "TMPDIR", 7) == 0 && value == NULL) {
        setenv("TMPDIR", "/var/tmp", 0);
        wrapper_getenv(mem, name_addr);
    }
#endif

    if (value == NULL) {
        return 0;
    }
    size_t value_size = strlen(value) + 1;
    uint32_t buf_addr = wrapper_malloc(mem, value_size);
    strcpy_str2mem(mem, buf_addr, value);
    return buf_addr;
}

uint32_t wrapper_gettxt(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t msgid_addr, uint32_t default_str_addr) {
    // Return default for now
    return default_str_addr;
}

uint32_t wrapper_setlocale(uint8_t* mem, int category, uint32_t locale_addr) {
    assert(locale_addr != 0);
    STRING(locale)
    assert(category == 6); // LC_ALL
    UNUSED char* ret = setlocale(LC_ALL, locale);
    // Let's hope the caller doesn't use the return value
    return 0;
}

uint32_t wrapper_mmap(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t addr, uint32_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd, int offset) {
    if (addr == 0 && prot == (prot & 3) && flags == 2) {
        // Read/write, map private. Just make a copy.
        uint8_t* ptr = mmap(0, length, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, offset);
        if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
            MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
            return -1;
        }
        uint32_t out = wrapper_malloc(mem, length);
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            MEM_S8(out + i) = ptr[i];
        }
        munmap(ptr, length);
        return out;
    }
    assert(0 && "mmap not implemented");
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_munmap(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t addr, uint32_t length) {
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_mprotect(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t addr, uint32_t length, int prot) {
    assert(0 && "mprotect not implemented");
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_sysconf(uint8_t* mem, int name) {
    assert(0 && "sysconf not implemented");
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_getpagesize(uint8_t* mem) {
    return 4096;
}

int wrapper_strerror(uint8_t* mem, int errnum) {
    errno = errnum;
    perror("strerror");
    assert(0 && "strerror not implemented");
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_ioctl(uint8_t* mem, int fd, uint32_t request, uint32_t sp) {
    assert(0 && "ioctl not implemented");
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_fcntl(uint8_t* mem, int fd, int cmd, uint32_t sp) {
    assert(0 && "fcntl not implemented");
    return 0;
}

static void signal_handler(int signum) {
    uint32_t level = signal_context.recursion_level++;
    uint8_t* mem = signal_context.handlers[signum].mem;
    uint32_t fp_dest = signal_context.handlers[signum].fp_dest;
    uint32_t sp = SIGNAL_HANDLER_STACK_START - 16 - level * 0x1000;
    signal_context.handlers[signum].trampoline(mem, sp, signum, 0, 0, 0, fp_dest);
    signal_context.recursion_level--;
}

uint32_t wrapper_signal(uint8_t* mem, int signum, fptr_trampoline trampoline, uint32_t handler_addr, uint32_t sp) {
    return 0;
}

uint32_t wrapper_sigset(uint8_t* mem, int signum, fptr_trampoline trampoline, uint32_t disp_addr, uint32_t sp) {
    void (*handler)(int) = signal_handler;

    if ((int)disp_addr >= -1 && (int)disp_addr <= 1) {
        // SIG_DFL etc.
        handler = (void (*)(int))(intptr_t)(int)disp_addr;
    }

    switch (signum) {
        case 2:
            signum = SIGINT;
            break;
        case 13:
            signum = SIGPIPE;
            break;
        case 15:
            signum = SIGTERM;
            break;
        default:
            assert(0 && "sigset with this signum not implemented");
            break;
    }

    signal_context.handlers[signum].trampoline = trampoline;
    signal_context.handlers[signum].mem = mem;
    signal_context.handlers[signum].fp_dest = disp_addr;

    return (uint32_t)(uintptr_t)sigset(signum, handler); // for now only support SIG_DFL etc. as return value
}

int wrapper_get_fpc_csr(uint8_t* mem) {
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_set_fpc_csr(uint8_t* mem, int csr) {
    return 0;
}

int wrapper_setjmp(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t addr) {
    return 0;
}

void wrapper_longjmp(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t addr, int status) {
    assert(0 && "longjmp not implemented");
}

uint32_t wrapper_tempnam(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t dir_addr, uint32_t pfx_addr) {
    STRING(dir)
    STRING(pfx)
    char* ret = tempnam(dir, pfx);
    char* ret_saved = ret;
    if (ret == NULL) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
        return 0;
    }
    size_t len = strlen(ret) + 1;
    uint32_t ret_addr = wrapper_malloc(mem, len);
    uint32_t pos = ret_addr;
    while (len--) {
        MEM_S8(pos) = *ret;
        ++pos;
        ++ret;
    }
    free(ret_saved);
    return ret_addr;
}

uint32_t wrapper_tmpnam(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr) {
    char buf[1024];
    assert(str_addr != 0 && "s NULL not implemented for tmpnam");
    char* ret = tmpnam(buf);
    if (ret == NULL) {
        return 0;
    } else {
        strcpy_str2mem(mem, str_addr, ret);
        return str_addr;
    }
}

uint32_t wrapper_mktemp(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t template_addr) {
    STRING(template)
    mktemp(template);
    strcpy_str2mem(mem, template_addr, template);
    return template_addr;
}

int wrapper_mkstemp(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t name_addr) {
    STRING(name)
    int fd = mkstemp(name);
    if (fd < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    } else {
        strcpy_str2mem(mem, name_addr, name);
    }
    return fd;
}

uint32_t wrapper_tmpfile(uint8_t* mem) {
    // create and fopen a temporary file that is removed when the program exits
    const char* tmpdir = getenv("TMPDIR");
    if (tmpdir == NULL) {
        tmpdir = "/tmp";
    }

    char name[PATH_MAX + 1] = { 0 };
    int n = snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s/copt_temp_XXXXXX", tmpdir);

    if (n < 0 || (size_t)n >= sizeof(name)) {
        // This isn't the best errno code, but it is one that can be returned by tmpfile
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = EACCES;
        return 0;
    }

    int fd = mkstemp(name);
    if (fd < 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
        return 0;
    }

    // the file will be removed from disk when it's closed later
    unlink(name);

    // fdopen:
    uint32_t ret = init_file(mem, fd, -1, NULL, "w+");
    if (ret == 0) {
        close(fd);
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_wait(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t wstatus_addr) {
    int wstatus;
    pid_t ret = wait(&wstatus);
    MEM_S32(wstatus_addr) = wstatus;
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_kill(uint8_t* mem, int pid, int sig) {
    int ret = kill(pid, sig);
    if (ret != 0) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_execlp(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t file_addr, uint32_t sp) {
    uint32_t argv_addr = sp + 4;
    return wrapper_execvp(mem, file_addr, argv_addr);
}

int wrapper_execv(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t pathname_addr, uint32_t argv_addr) {
    STRING(pathname)
    uint32_t argc = 0;
    while (MEM_U32(argv_addr + argc * 4) != 0) {
        ++argc;
    }
    char** argv = make_argv_from_mem(mem, argc, argv_addr);

    execv(pathname, argv);
    MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;

    free_argv(argc, argv);
    return -1;
}

int wrapper_execvp(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t file_addr, uint32_t argv_addr) {
    STRING(file)
    uint32_t argc = 0;
    while (MEM_U32(argv_addr + argc * 4) != 0) {
        ++argc;
    }
    char** argv = make_argv_from_mem(mem, argc, argv_addr);

    char rfile[PATH_MAX + 1];
    char* filePtr = file;

    if (redirect_path(rfile, file, "/usr/lib/DCC", usr_lib_redirect) ||
        redirect_path(rfile, file, "/usr/lib", usr_lib_redirect)) {
        filePtr = rfile;
    }

    execvp(filePtr, argv);

    MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;

    free_argv(argc, argv);
    return -1;
}

int wrapper_fork(uint8_t* mem) {
    int ret = fork();
    if (ret == -1) {
        MEM_U32(ERRNO_ADDR) = errno;
    }
    return ret;
}

int wrapper_system(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t command_addr) {
    STRING(command)
    return system(command); // no errno
}

static int name_compare(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t a_addr, uint32_t b_addr) {
    return wrapper_strcmp(mem, MEM_U32(a_addr), MEM_U32(b_addr));
}

static uint32_t tsearch_tfind(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t key_addr, uint32_t rootp_addr, uint32_t compar_addr, bool insert) {
    if (rootp_addr == 0) {
        return 0;
    }
    while (MEM_U32(rootp_addr) != 0) {
        uint32_t node_addr = MEM_U32(rootp_addr);
        int r = name_compare(mem, key_addr, MEM_U32(node_addr));
        if (r == 0) {
            return node_addr;
        }
        rootp_addr = r < 0 ? node_addr + 4 : node_addr + 8;
    }
    if (insert) {
        uint32_t node_addr = wrapper_malloc(mem, 12);
        if (node_addr != 0) {
            MEM_U32(rootp_addr) = node_addr;
            MEM_U32(node_addr) = key_addr;
            MEM_U32(node_addr + 4) = 0;
            MEM_U32(node_addr + 8) = 0;
            return node_addr;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

uint32_t wrapper_tsearch(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t key_addr, uint32_t rootp_addr, uint32_t compar_addr) {
    return tsearch_tfind(mem, key_addr, rootp_addr, compar_addr, true);
}

uint32_t wrapper_tfind(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t key_addr, uint32_t rootp_addr, uint32_t compar_addr) {
    return tsearch_tfind(mem, key_addr, rootp_addr, compar_addr, false);
}

// qsort implementation from SGI libc, originally derived from
// https://people.ece.ubc.ca/~eddieh/glu_dox/d7/da4/qsort_8c_source.html (public domain)

#define CMP(x, y) (int32_t)(trampoline(mem, sp, (x), (y), 0, 0, compare_addr) >> 32)

static void qst(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t start, uint32_t end, fptr_trampoline trampoline, uint32_t compare_addr,
                uint32_t sp, uint32_t size, uint32_t minSortSize, uint32_t medianOfThreeThreshold);

uint32_t wrapper_qsort(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t base_addr, uint32_t count, uint32_t size, fptr_trampoline trampoline,
                       uint32_t compare_addr, uint32_t sp) {
    uint32_t end;
    uint32_t it;
    uint32_t prevIt;
    uint32_t byteIt;
    uint32_t hi;
    uint32_t insPos;
    uint32_t cur;
    uint32_t smallest;
    uint8_t temp;

    if (count < 2) {
        return 0;
    }

    end = base_addr + (count * size);

    if (count >= 4) {
        // run a rough quicksort
        qst(mem, base_addr, end, trampoline, compare_addr, sp, size, size * 4, size * 6);
        // the smallest element will be one of the first 4
        hi = base_addr + size * 4;
    } else {
        hi = end;
    }

    // Find the smallest element and swap it to the front
    smallest = base_addr;
    for (it = base_addr + size; it < hi; it += size) {
        if (CMP(smallest, it) > 0) {
            smallest = it;
        }
    }

    if (smallest != base_addr) {
        for (it = base_addr; it < base_addr + size; smallest++, it++) {
            temp = MEM_U8(smallest);
            MEM_U8(smallest) = MEM_U8(it);
            MEM_U8(it) = temp;
        }
    }

    // Do insertion sort on the rest of the elements
    for (cur = base_addr + size; cur < end; cur += size) {

        // Find where cur should go
        insPos = cur - size;
        while (CMP(insPos, cur) > 0) {
            if (base_addr == insPos) {
                // This isn't logically possible, because we've put the smallest element first.
                // But it can happen if the comparator function is faulty, and it's best not to
                // write out of bounds in that situation.
                break;
            }
            insPos -= size;
        }
        insPos += size;

        if (insPos == cur) {
            continue;
        }

        for (byteIt = cur + size; --byteIt >= cur;) {
            temp = MEM_U8(byteIt);
            prevIt = byteIt;
            for (it = byteIt - size; it >= insPos; it -= size) {
                MEM_U8(prevIt) = MEM_U8(it);
                prevIt = it;
            }
            MEM_U8(prevIt) = temp;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

static void qst(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t start, uint32_t end, fptr_trampoline trampoline, uint32_t compare_addr,
                uint32_t sp, uint32_t size, uint32_t minSortSize, uint32_t medianOfThreeThreshold) {
    uint32_t sizeAfterPivot;
    uint32_t sizeBeforePivot;
    uint32_t totalSize;
    int32_t i;
    uint32_t afterPivot;
    uint32_t last;
    uint32_t newPartitionFirst;
    uint32_t median;
    uint32_t partitionFirst;
    uint32_t partitionLast;
    uint32_t pivot;
    uint32_t swapWith;
    uint8_t temp;

    totalSize = end - start;
    do {
        last = end - size;
        pivot = partitionFirst = (((totalSize / size) >> 1) * size) + start;
        if (totalSize >= medianOfThreeThreshold) {
            // compute median of three
            median = CMP(start, pivot) > 0 ? start : pivot;
            if (CMP(median, last) > 0) {
                median = median == start ? pivot : start;
                median = CMP(median, last) < 0 ? last : median;
            }

            // swap the median so it ends up in the middle
            if (median != pivot) {
                // Fake-match: use partitionFirst here instead of e.g. swapWith.
                i = size;
                do {
                    temp = MEM_U8(partitionFirst);
                    MEM_U8(partitionFirst) = MEM_U8(median);
                    MEM_U8(median) = temp;
                    partitionFirst++;
                    median++;
                    i--;
                } while (i != 0);
            }
        }

        // Partition the elements start, ..., pivot, ..., last, such that values smaller than the
        // pivot are on the left, and values greater than the pivot are on the right (equal ones can
        // go wherever). The pivot may end up getting swapped into another position in the process.

        partitionFirst = start;
        partitionLast = last;

        // Loop invariant: Elements partitionFirst, ..., partitionLast remain to be partitioned,
        // and pivot is in that range.
        for (;;) {
            while (partitionFirst < pivot && CMP(partitionFirst, pivot) < 0) {
                // Skip over smaller values on the left.
                partitionFirst += size;
            }

            while (pivot < partitionLast) {
                if (CMP(pivot, partitionLast) < 0) {
                    // Skip over greater values on the right.
                    partitionLast -= size;
                } else {
                    // We have found a value we cannot skip over. Put it at the front.
                    // If the pivot was at the front, it gets swapped to the last position,
                    // otherwise, the value at the front is something we know isn't smaller
                    // than the pivot, so we can skip partitioning it.
                    newPartitionFirst = partitionFirst + size;
                    if (partitionFirst == pivot) {
                        swapWith = partitionLast;
                        pivot = partitionLast;
                    } else {
                        swapWith = partitionLast;
                        partitionLast -= size;
                    }
                    goto swapFront;
                }
            }

            // We have hit up against the pivot at the end. Swap it to the front to we can
            // skip over it. The front element is known to not be smaller than the pivot,
            // except if the pivot is at the front also, i.e. if the range has been reduced
            // down to size 1 -- in that case it's time to break out of the loop.
            partitionLast -= size;
            if (partitionFirst == pivot) {
                break;
            }
            swapWith = pivot;
            pivot = partitionFirst;
            newPartitionFirst = partitionFirst;

        swapFront:
            i = size;
            do {
                temp = MEM_U8(partitionFirst);
                MEM_U8(partitionFirst) = MEM_U8(swapWith);
                MEM_U8(swapWith) = temp;
                partitionFirst++;
                swapWith++;
                i--;
            } while (i != 0);
            partitionFirst = newPartitionFirst;
        }

        afterPivot = pivot + size;
        sizeBeforePivot = pivot - start;
        sizeAfterPivot = end - afterPivot;
        totalSize = sizeBeforePivot;
        if (sizeAfterPivot >= sizeBeforePivot) {
            if (sizeBeforePivot >= minSortSize) {
                qst(mem, start, pivot, trampoline, compare_addr, sp, size, minSortSize, medianOfThreeThreshold);
            }
            start = afterPivot;
            totalSize = sizeAfterPivot;
        } else {
            if (sizeAfterPivot >= minSortSize) {
                qst(mem, afterPivot, end, trampoline, compare_addr, sp, size, minSortSize, medianOfThreeThreshold);
            }
            end = pivot;
        }
    } while (totalSize >= minSortSize);
}

#undef CMP

uint32_t wrapper_regcmp(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t string1_addr, uint32_t sp) {
    STRING(string1);
    fprintf(stderr, "regex string: %s\n", string1);
    assert(0 && "regcmp not implemented");
    return 0;
}

uint32_t wrapper_regex(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t re_addr, uint32_t subject_addr, uint32_t sp) {
    STRING(subject);
    (void)subject;
    assert(0 && "regex not implemented");
    return 0;
}

void wrapper___assert(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t assertion_addr, uint32_t file_addr, int line) {
    STRING(assertion)
    STRING(file)

    #ifdef __FreeBSD__
    __assert(assertion, file, line, NULL);
    #else
    __assert(assertion, file, line);
    #endif
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/3/twalk
void wrapper_twalk(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t root_addr, fptr_trampoline trampoline, uint32_t action_addr, uint32_t sp) {
    assert(0 && "twalk not implemented");
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/3/msync
int32_t wrapper_msync(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t addr_addr, uint32_t len, int32_t flags) {
    assert(0 && "msync not implemented");
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/3/mkdir
int32_t wrapper_mkdir(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t path_addr, uint32_t mode) {
    assert(0 && "mkdir not implemented");
}

// https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/io/fputc
int32_t wrapper_fputc(uint8_t* mem, int32_t ch, uint32_t stream_addr) {
    int32_t ret;

    if (stream_addr == STDOUT_ADDR) {
        ret = fputc(ch, stdout);
    } else if (stream_addr == STDERR_ADDR) {
        ret = fputc(ch, stderr);
    } else {
        fprintf(stderr, "%s: ch          %i\n", __func__, ch);
        fprintf(stderr, "%s: stream_addr %X\n", __func__, stream_addr);
        assert(0 && "fputc with custom stream is not implemented");
    }

    return ret;
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/3/getopt
int32_t wrapper_getopt(uint8_t* mem, int32_t argc, uint32_t argv_addr, uint32_t optstring_addr) {
    bool optargFound = false;
    STRING(optstring);
    int32_t ret;
    uint32_t argv_mem_new[argc];

    assert(argc == global_args.argc);

    if ((optarg != NULL) && (MEM_U32(OPTARG_ADDR) != 0)) {
        // optarg points to an old argv value which is no longer valid, we need to update it before calling getopt
        bool optarg_from_memory_found = false;
        uint32_t optarg_mem_addr = MEM_U32(OPTARG_ADDR);
        STRING(optarg_mem);

        for (int32_t i = 0; i < global_args.argc && !optarg_from_memory_found; i++) {
            size_t arg_len = strlen(global_args.argv[i]);

            for (size_t j = 0; j < arg_len; j++) {
                if (strcmp(&global_args.argv[i][j], optarg_mem) == 0) {

                    optarg = &global_args.argv[i][j];
                    optarg_from_memory_found = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        assert(optarg_from_memory_found);
    }

    ret = getopt(global_args.argc, global_args.argv, optstring);

    MEM_S32(OPTERR_ADDR) = opterr;
    MEM_S32(OPTIND_ADDR) = optind;
    MEM_S32(OPTOPT_ADDR) = optopt;

    if (optarg == NULL) {
        optargFound = true;
        MEM_U32(OPTARG_ADDR) = 0;
    }

    for (int32_t i = 0; i < global_args.argc; i++) {
        size_t arg_len = strlen(global_args.argv[i]);

        // We need to find optarg
        for (size_t j = 0; j < arg_len && !optargFound; j++) {
            if (strcmp(&global_args.argv[i][j], optarg) == 0) {
                uint32_t str_addr = MEM_U32(argv_addr + i * sizeof(uint32_t)) + j;

                MEM_U32(OPTARG_ADDR) = str_addr;
                optargFound = true;
            }
        }

        // find the permuted argvs and put them in a temp array
        for (int32_t j = 0; j < global_args.argc; j++) {
            uint32_t str_addr = MEM_U32(argv_addr + j * sizeof(uint32_t));
            STRING(str);

            if ((strcmp(global_args.argv[i], str) == 0)) {
                argv_mem_new[i] = str_addr;
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    // copy the temp array into the real argv
    for (int32_t j = 0; j < global_args.argc; j++) {
        MEM_U32(argv_addr + j * sizeof(uint32_t)) = argv_mem_new[j];
    }

    return ret;
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/2/link
int32_t wrapper_link(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t oldpath_addr, uint32_t newpath_addr) {
    assert(0 && "link not implemented");
}

// https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/io/vfprintf
int32_t wrapper_vsprintf(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t buffer_addr, uint32_t format_addr, uint32_t vlist_addr) {
    assert(0 && "vsprintf not implemented");
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/3/fabs
double wrapper_fabs(double x) {
    return fabs(x);
}

// Non standard function
int32_t wrapper_sysid(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t unknown_parameter_addr) {
    assert(0 && "sysid not implemented");
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/3/realpath
uint32_t wrapper_realpath(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t path_addr, uint32_t resolved_path_addr) {
    assert(0 && "realpath not implemented");
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/2/fsync
int32_t wrapper_fsync(uint8_t* mem, int32_t fd) {
    assert(0 && "fsync not implemented");
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/3/sleep
uint32_t wrapper_sleep(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t seconds) {
    assert(0 && "sleep not implemented");
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/2/socket
int32_t wrapper_socket(uint8_t* mem, int32_t domain, int32_t type, int32_t protocol) {
    assert(0 && "socket not implemented");
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/2/connect
int32_t wrapper_connect(uint8_t* mem, int32_t sockfd, uint32_t addr_addr, uint32_t addrlen) {
    assert(0 && "connect not implemented");
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/2/recv
int32_t wrapper_recv(uint8_t* mem, int32_t sockfd, uint32_t buf_addr, uint32_t len, int32_t flags) {
    assert(0 && "recv not implemented");
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/2/send
int32_t wrapper_send(uint8_t* mem, int32_t sockfd, uint32_t buf_addr, uint32_t len, int32_t flags) {
    assert(0 && "send not implemented");
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/3/shutdown
int32_t wrapper_shutdown(uint8_t* mem, int32_t socket, int32_t how) {
    assert(0 && "shutdown not implemented");
}

// https://linux.die.net/man/3/sscanf
int32_t wrapper_sscanf(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t str_addr, uint32_t format_addr, uint32_t sp) {
    assert(0 && "sscanf not implemented");
}

// C++ functions
uint32_t wrapper___nw__FUi(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t size) {
    return wrapper_malloc(mem, size);
}

void wrapper___dl__FPv(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t data_addr) {
    wrapper_free(mem, data_addr);
}

union host_doubleword {
    uint64_t ww;
    double d;
};

union FloatReg FloatReg_from_double(double d) {
    union host_doubleword val;
    union FloatReg floatreg;

    val.d = d;

    floatreg.w[0] = val.ww & 0xFFFFFFFF;
    floatreg.w[1] = (val.ww >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF;

    return floatreg;
}

double double_from_FloatReg(union FloatReg floatreg) {
    union host_doubleword val;

    val.ww = floatreg.w[1];
    val.ww <<= 32;
    val.ww |= floatreg.w[0];
    return val.d;
}

double double_from_memory(uint8_t* mem, uint32_t address) {
    union host_doubleword val;

    val.ww = MEM_U32(address);
    val.ww <<= 32;
    val.ww |= MEM_U32(address + 4);
    return val.d;
}