Replace templates with templated enums in std/random.d

[nordlow]

What to do with the false positives at https://buildkite.com/dlang/phobos/builds/9870/steps/canvas?sid=0198f4c9-00cd-4506-a6a8-3763c8d1fb39#0198f4cf-f270-44a6-8ede-1c2337596996/240-378?

[dlang-bot]

Thanks for your pull request and interest in making D better, @nordlow! We are looking forward to reviewing it, and you should be hearing from a maintainer soon.
Please verify that your PR follows this checklist:

• My PR is fully covered with tests (you can see the coverage diff by visiting the details link of the codecov check)
• My PR is as minimal as possible (smaller, focused PRs are easier to review than big ones)
• I have provided a detailed rationale explaining my changes
• New or modified functions have Ddoc comments (with Params: and Returns:)

Please see CONTRIBUTING.md for more information.

---

If you have addressed all reviews or aren't sure how to proceed, don't hesitate to ping us with a simple comment.

Bugzilla references

Your PR doesn't reference any Bugzilla issue.

If your PR contains non-trivial changes, please reference a Bugzilla issue or create a manual changelog.

Testing this PR locally

If you don't have a local development environment setup, you can use Digger to test this PR:

dub run digger -- build "master + phobos#10853"