Format

Author: jinningwang

_pages/about.md

@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ Here are some tips on how to make the most of it:
 <br>
 
 |---------|-------------------------------------------------|
-| AGC  | Automatic Generation Control |
-| ACE  | Area Control Error |
+| AGC | Automatic Generation Control |
+| ACE | Area Control Error |
 | IBR | Inverter-Based Resources |
 | DER | Distributed Energy Resources |
 | EMS | Energy Management System |

_wiki/emergency.md

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ Any abnormal system **condition** that requires automatic or immediate manual ac
 **Emergency conditions** <d-cite key="pjm2025m13"></d-cite> by PJM
 
 The PJM Manual for Emergency Operations focuses on how PJM and the PJM Members are expected to respond to emergency conditions and is the designated PJM RC, BA and TOP Operating Plan to mitigate operating Emergencies per EOP-011. Emergency conditions include:
+
 - Any abnormal condition requiring manual or automatic action to maintain system frequency or to prevent loss of firm load, equipment damage, or tripping of system elements that could adversely affect the reliability of an electric system or the safety of persons or property.
 - A fuel shortage requiring departure from normal operating procedures in order to minimize the use of such scarce fuel.
 - A condition that requires implementation of emergency procedures as defined in the manuals.

_wiki/real-time-reliability-model.md

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ The model is only as accurate as the input data used to derive it; therefore, ti
 PJM’s Real-Time Reliability Model, also known as the EMS model, is a computer representation of the power system facilities in the PJM RTO and other Control Areas that may impact the reliable operation of the PJM system.
 The model, maintained by designated PJM support staff, resides on the PJM EMS.
 The PJM EMS Transmission Network Application (TNA) programs utilize the model to:
+
 - Calculate the real-time state of the electric system (using a State Estimator (SE)) and
 - Assess if the PJM system is operating within relevant, established limits.
 

_wiki/stability-limits.md

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ bibliography: papers.bib
 **Stability Limits** by PJM <d-cite key="pjm2024m3"></d-cite> (p60, Revision 67)
 
 The PJM RTO established stability limits for preventing electrical separation of a generating unit or a portion of the PJM RTO. PJM recognizes three types of stability:
+
 - Steady State Stability - A gradual slow change to generation that is balanced by load.
 - Transient Stability - The ability of a generating unit or a group of generating units to maintain synchronism following a relatively severe and sudden system disturbance. The first few cycles are the most critical time period.
 - Dynamic Stability - The ability of a generating unit or a group of generating units to damp oscillations caused by relatively minor disturbances through the action of properly tuned control systems.
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ In general, stability is not a limiting constraint on the PJM RTO.
 **Stability Related Transmission Limits** by PJM <d-cite key="pjm2024m3"></d-cite> (p40, Revision 67)
 
 In addition to the thermal limits referenced in Section 2, PJM operates the PJM RTO considering voltage and stability related transmission limits as follows:
+
 - Voltage Limits – High, Low, and Load Dump actual voltage limits, High and Low emergency voltage limits for contingency simulation, and voltage drop limits for wide area transfer simulations to protect against wide area voltage collapse.
 - Transfer Limits – The MW flow limitation across an interface to protect the system from large voltage drops or collapse caused by any viable contingency.
 - Stability Limits – limit based on **voltage phase angle difference** to protect portions of the PJM RTO from separation or unstable operation.