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‎_wiki/subsynchronous-resonance.md

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@@ -5,11 +5,18 @@ description: SSR. A condition involving energy exchange at natural frequencies b
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tags: resonance, stability
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category: wiki
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bibliography: papers.bib
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authors:
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- name: Jinning Wang
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url: https://jinningwang.github.io
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date: 2025-03-15
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last_update: 2025-06-19
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---
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**Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR)** <d-cite key="ieee1980subsynchronous"></d-cite>
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### Defintion in an IEEE Article
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Subsynchronous resonance is an electric power system condition where the electric network exchanges energy with a turbine generator at one or more of the natural frequencies of the combined system below the synchronous frequency of the system.
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Source: <d-cite key="ieee1980subsynchronous"></d-cite>
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Subsynchronous resonance encompasses the oscillatory attributes of electrical and mechanical variables associated with turbine-generators when coupled to a series capacitor compensated transmission system, where the oscillatory energy interchange between the electric system and the turbine generator is lightly damped, undamped, or even negatively damped and growing.
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The terms **subsynchronous** and **supersynchronous** are used to denote frequencies below and above the synchronous frequency defined by rotor average speed.
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> Subsynchronous resonance is an electric power system condition where the electric network exchanges energy with a turbine generator at one or more of the natural frequencies of the combined system below the synchronous frequency of the system.
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>
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> Subsynchronous resonance encompasses the oscillatory attributes of electrical and mechanical variables associated with turbine-generators when coupled to a series capacitor compensated transmission system, where the oscillatory energy interchange between the electric system and the turbine generator is lightly damped, undamped, or even negatively damped and growing.
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> The terms **subsynchronous** and **supersynchronous** are used to denote frequencies below and above the synchronous frequency defined by rotor average speed.

‎_wiki/synchronization-process.md

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---
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layout: distill
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title: Synchronization Process
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description:
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tags: IEEE
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category: wiki
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bibliography: papers.bib
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authors:
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- name: Jinning Wang
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url: https://jinningwang.github.io
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date: 2025-03-15
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last_update: 2025-06-19
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---
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### Definition in an IEEE Standard
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Source: <d-cite key="ieee2025std2988"></d-cite> p14
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> The process of the equipment to synchronize its terminal voltage with another voltage source, so that the difference between the two voltages is small, which includes some or all of the following:
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>
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> - frequency synchronization to have the same frequency,
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> - phase synchronization to have the same phase,
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> - amplitude synchronization to have the same voltage amplitude, and
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> - phase sequence synchronization to have the same phase sequence.

‎_wiki/synchronization.md

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---
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layout: distill
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title: synchronization
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title: Synchronization
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description: Aligning a device's terminal voltage with another voltage source
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tags: IEEE
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category: wiki
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bibliography: papers.bib
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authors:
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- name: Jinning Wang
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url: https://jinningwang.github.io
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date: 2025-03-15
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last_update: 2025-06-19
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---
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**synchronization mechanism** <d-cite key="ieee2025std2988"></d-cite> (p14) by IEEE:
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### Definition in an IEEE Standard
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The mechanism that a voltage source keeps synchronization with another voltage source.
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Source: <d-cite key="ieee2025std2988"></d-cite> p14
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**synchronization process** <d-cite key="ieee2025std2988"></d-cite> (p14) by IEEE:
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The process of the equipment to synchronize its terminal voltage with another voltage source, so that the difference between the two voltages is small, which includes some or all of the following:
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- frequency synchronization to have the same frequency,
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- phase synchronization to have the same phase,
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- amplitude synchronization to have the same voltage amplitude, and
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- phase sequence synchronization to have the same phase sequence.
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> The mechanism that a voltage source keeps synchronization with another voltage source.

‎_wiki/synchronized-reserve-service.md

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@@ -5,8 +5,15 @@ description: Can be satisfied by online resources in 10 minutes or less.
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tags: reserve
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category: wiki
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bibliography: papers.bib
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authors:
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- name: Jinning Wang
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url: https://jinningwang.github.io
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date: 2025-03-15
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last_update: 2025-06-19
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---
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**Synchronized Reserve Service** <d-cite key="pjm2024m10"></d-cite> (p26, Revision 45)
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### Definition by PJM
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Synchronized Reserve Service: can only be satisfied by online resources that are able to respond in 10 minutes or less.
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Source: <d-cite key="pjm2024m10"></d-cite> p26, Revision 45
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> Synchronized Reserve Service: can only be satisfied by online resources that are able to respond in 10 minutes or less.

‎_wiki/synchronous-machine.md

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@@ -5,10 +5,16 @@ description: SM. An AC electrical machine operated with a constant electromagnet
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tags: synchronous-machine, IEEE
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category: wiki
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bibliography: papers.bib
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authors:
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- name: Jinning Wang
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url: https://jinningwang.github.io
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date: 2025-03-15
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last_update: 2025-06-19
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---
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**synchronous machine** (SM) <d-cite key="ieee2025std2988"></d-cite> (p15)
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### Definition in an IEEE Standard
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A synchronous machine is an ac electrical machine operated with a constant electromagnetic field. Its instantaneous speed of normal operation is exactly proportional to the frequency of
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its ac voltage.
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An SM with a round rotor has a uniform air gap, so that the reluctance does not depend on the flux position. Contrarily, the air gap of an SM with a salient-pole rotor varies circumferentially around the rotor, resulting in a non-uniform reluctance.
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Source: <d-cite key="ieee2025std2988"></d-cite> p15
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> A synchronous machine is an ac electrical machine operated with a constant electromagnetic field. Its instantaneous speed of normal operation is exactly proportional to the frequency of its ac voltage.
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> An SM with a round rotor has a uniform air gap, so that the reluctance does not depend on the flux position. Contrarily, the air gap of an SM with a salient-pole rotor varies circumferentially around the rotor, resulting in a non-uniform reluctance.

‎_wiki/tertiary-control.md

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@@ -5,11 +5,17 @@ description: Actions taken to handle current and future contingencies.
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tags: frequency
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category: wiki
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bibliography: papers.bib
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authors:
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- name: Jinning Wang
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url: https://jinningwang.github.io
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date: 2025-03-15
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last_update: 2025-06-19
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---
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Relevant items: [Primary Control](/wiki/primary-control) &nbsp; [Secondary Control](/wiki/secondary-control) &nbsp; [Frequency Regulation](/wiki/frequency-regulation) &nbsp; [Automatic Generation Control](/wiki/automatic-generation-control) &nbsp; [Frequency Stability](/wiki/frequency-stability)
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**Tertiary Control** <d-cite key="nerc2021balancing"></d-cite>
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### Definition by NERC
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Encompasses actions taken to get resources in place to handle current and future contingencies.
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Reserve deployment and Reserve restoration following a disturbance are common types of Tertiary Control.
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Source: <d-cite key="nerc2021balancing"></d-cite>
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> Encompasses actions taken to get resources in place to handle current and future contingencies. Reserve deployment and Reserve restoration following a disturbance are common types of Tertiary Control.

‎_wiki/thermal-limit-operation-criteria.md

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@@ -5,15 +5,22 @@ description: Techniques to control contingency or system violations.
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tags: reliability, transmission-operation, PJM, ISO
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category: wiki
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bibliography: papers.bib
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authors:
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- name: Jinning Wang
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url: https://jinningwang.github.io
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date: 2025-03-15
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last_update: 2025-06-19
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---
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**Thermal Limit Operation Criteria** by PJM <d-cite key="pjm2024m3"></d-cite> (p29, Revision 67)
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### Definition by PJM
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PJM uses the following techniques to control contingency or system violations:
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Source: <d-cite key="pjm2024m3"></d-cite> p29, Revision 67
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- Adjusting PARs.
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- Switching reactive devices in/out of service or adjusting generator MVAR output.
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- Switching transmission facilities in/out of service.
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- Adjusting generation MW output via redispatch.
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- Adjusting imports/exports.
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- Issuing a TLR (Transmission Loading Relief).
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> PJM uses the following techniques to control contingency or system violations:
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>
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> - Adjusting PARs.
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> - Switching reactive devices in/out of service or adjusting generator MVAR output.
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> - Switching transmission facilities in/out of service.
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> - Adjusting generation MW output via redispatch.
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> - Adjusting imports/exports.
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> - Issuing a TLR (Transmission Loading Relief).

‎_wiki/torsional-resonance.md

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@@ -5,14 +5,21 @@ description: The SSR due to torsional interactions between series compensated li
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tags: resonance, stability
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category: wiki
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bibliography: papers.bib
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authors:
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- name: Jinning Wang
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url: https://jinningwang.github.io
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date: 2025-03-15
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last_update: 2025-06-19
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---
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**Torsional Resonance** <d-cite key="hatziargyriou2021stability"></d-cite>
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### Definition in an IEEE Article by a Task Force
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The [SSR](/wiki/subsynchronous-resonance) due to torsional interactions between the series compensated line(s) and the turbine-generator mechanical shaft are well documented in the literature, particularly as it pertains to conventional synchronous generation.
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According to the IEEE working group, subsynchronous oscillations are mainly classified into SSR and device-dependent subsynchronous oscillations (DDSSO).
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SSR involves an electric power system condition where the network exchanges significant energy with a turbine-generator at one or more of the natural sub-synchronous torsional modes of oscillation of the combined turbine-generator mechanical shaft.
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The oscillations can be poorly damped, undamped, or even negatively damped and growing, thus threatening the mechanical integrity of the turbine-generator shaft.
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DDSSO arise due to the interaction of fast acting control devices, such as HVDC lines, static Var compensators (SVCs), static synchronous compensators (STATCOM), and power system stabilizers (PSS) with the torsional mechanical modes of nearby turbine-generators.
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It should be noted, however, that DDSSO are **not always detrimental**; in some cases, the interaction can be beneficial and in fact improve torsional damping.
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For this reason, in many cases devices such as SVCs may in fact be used as a means of providing a solution for SSR by improving torsional damping.
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Source: <d-cite key="hatziargyriou2021stability"></d-cite>
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> The [SSR](/wiki/subsynchronous-resonance) due to torsional interactions between the series compensated line(s) and the turbine-generator mechanical shaft are well documented in the literature, particularly as it pertains to conventional synchronous generation.
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> According to the IEEE working group, subsynchronous oscillations are mainly classified into SSR and device-dependent subsynchronous oscillations (DDSSO).
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> SSR involves an electric power system condition where the network exchanges significant energy with a turbine-generator at one or more of the natural sub-synchronous torsional modes of oscillation of the combined turbine-generator mechanical shaft.
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> The oscillations can be poorly damped, undamped, or even negatively damped and growing, thus threatening the mechanical integrity of the turbine-generator shaft.
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> DDSSO arise due to the interaction of fast acting control devices, such as HVDC lines, static Var compensators (SVCs), static synchronous compensators (STATCOM), and power system stabilizers (PSS) with the torsional mechanical modes of nearby turbine-generators.
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> It should be noted, however, that DDSSO are **not always detrimental**; in some cases, the interaction can be beneficial and in fact improve torsional damping.
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> For this reason, in many cases devices such as SVCs may in fact be used as a means of providing a solution for SSR by improving torsional damping.

‎_wiki/transient-stability-assessment.md

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---
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layout: distill
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title: Transient Stability Assessment
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description: Monitor and determine transient stability of the system
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description: TSA. Monitor and determine transient stability of the system
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tags: stability
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category: wiki
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bibliography: papers.bib
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authors:
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- name: Jinning Wang
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url: https://jinningwang.github.io
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date: 2025-03-15
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last_update: 2025-06-19
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---
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**Transient Stability Assessment** by PJM <d-cite key="pjm2024m3"></d-cite> (p61, Revision 67)
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### Definition by PJM
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In addition to the special operating procedures addressing stability limit issues in Manual-03B, PJM utilizes a real-time Transient Stability Assessment (TSA) tool.
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TSA can monitor and determine transient stability of the system subject to **a select set of EMS contingencies** for balanced and unbalanced faults.
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PJM models a select set of three-phase faults with normal clearing and single-phase faults with delayed clearing.
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The contingencies or faults are in alignment with most planning events as defined in TPL-001-4 categories P1 through P4.
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Source: <d-cite key="pjm2024m3"></d-cite> p61, Revision 67
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TSA will also monitor and control for dynamic stability using a 3% damping criteria for the RTO.
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TSA will display contingencies and impacted generators not meeting 3% damping criteria for units 10 MVA or above, as simulated between 10 and 15 seconds.
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PJM will perform additional simulations to validate damping results not meeting criteria in Real-time.
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TSA is also utilized to assess transient voltage response.
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The transient voltage criteria is recovery to a minimum of 0.7 p.u after 2.5 seconds (0.7 p.u. of nominal voltage).
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Refer to Manual-37: Reliability Coordination for additional information.
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The typical controlling actions for transient voltage exceedance are switching of static reactive devices, such as capacitor and reactors, to maintain a strong pre-contingency voltage profile and reserving dynamic reactive output from SVCs, STATCOMs, and generators, for post-contingency voltage support.
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TSA computes stability limits by using real time network models.
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It **interfaces** with the [EMS](/wiki/real-time-reliability-model) and uses the State Estimation solution.
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Other input data includes the dynamic model for over 3000 generators and fault clearing times for specific equipment.
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For equipment without a specific fault clearing time, TSA will use zonal default clearing times.
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TSA also calculates and provides recommended stability control measures to prevent generator instability.
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Typically, the **control measure is expressed in terms of generator-specific MW adjustment**.
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In some cases, a Mvar adjustment may resolve a stability issue.
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TSA is used to monitor and control the generators with known stability concerns as defined in PJM Manual-03B.
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Since TSA uses real-time system conditions to assess stability, the limits tend to be less conservative or less restrictive than the manual operational procedures.
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The operational procedure limits are usually determined using conservative assumptions in order to cover a wider range of operating conditions.
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For scheduled transmission outages, TSA studies are used to determine the stability limits.
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For forced outages, the Manual-03B operational procedure limits are used until a real-time TSA run is completed.
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PJM will also use the Manual-03B operational procedure stability limits in certain cases, such as when TSA is down.
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> In addition to the special operating procedures addressing stability limit issues in Manual-03B, PJM utilizes a real-time Transient Stability Assessment (TSA) tool.
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> TSA can monitor and determine transient stability of the system subject to **a select set of EMS contingencies** for balanced and unbalanced faults.
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> PJM models a select set of three-phase faults with normal clearing and single-phase faults with delayed clearing.
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> The contingencies or faults are in alignment with most planning events as defined in TPL-001-4 categories P1 through P4.
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>
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> TSA will also monitor and control for dynamic stability using a 3% damping criteria for the RTO.
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> TSA will display contingencies and impacted generators not meeting 3% damping criteria for units 10 MVA or above, as simulated between 10 and 15 seconds.
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> PJM will perform additional simulations to validate damping results not meeting criteria in Real-time.
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>
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> TSA is also utilized to assess transient voltage response.
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> The transient voltage criteria is recovery to a minimum of 0.7 p.u after 2.5 seconds (0.7 p.u. of nominal voltage).
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> Refer to Manual-37: Reliability Coordination for additional information.
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> The typical controlling actions for transient voltage exceedance are switching of static reactive devices, such as capacitor and reactors, to maintain a strong pre-contingency voltage profile and reserving dynamic reactive output from SVCs, STATCOMs, and generators, for post-contingency voltage support.
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>
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> TSA computes stability limits by using real time network models.
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> It **interfaces** with the [EMS](/wiki/real-time-reliability-model) and uses the State Estimation solution.
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> Other input data includes the dynamic model for over 3000 generators and fault clearing times for specific equipment.
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> For equipment without a specific fault clearing time, TSA will use zonal default clearing times.
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> TSA also calculates and provides recommended stability control measures to prevent generator instability.
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> Typically, the **control measure is expressed in terms of generator-specific MW adjustment**.
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> In some cases, a Mvar adjustment may resolve a stability issue.
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>
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> TSA is used to monitor and control the generators with known stability concerns as defined in PJM Manual-03B.
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> Since TSA uses real-time system conditions to assess stability, the limits tend to be less conservative or less restrictive than the manual operational procedures.
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> The operational procedure limits are usually determined using conservative assumptions in order to cover a wider range of operating conditions.
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> For scheduled transmission outages, TSA studies are used to determine the stability limits.
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> For forced outages, the Manual-03B operational procedure limits are used until a real-time TSA run is completed.
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> PJM will also use the Manual-03B operational procedure stability limits in certain cases, such as when TSA is down.

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