miepython

miepython is a pure‑Python implementation of Mie theory for spherical scatterers, validated against Wiscombe's reference results. The library is lightweight, extensively tested, and—thanks to an optional Numba backend—can process nearly a million particles per second.

Overview

• Non-absorbing spheres (dielectric particles)
• Partially-absorbing spheres (lossy dielectrics)
• Perfectly-conducting spheres (metallic particles)

Key Features

• ✅ Pure Python - No external dependencies beyond NumPy
• ✅ Validated algorithms - Follows Wiscombe's trusted implementation
• ✅ Comprehensive outputs - Extinction, scattering, backscattering, asymmetry
• ✅ Angular distributions - Full scattering phase functions
• ✅ Flexible normalization - Multiple conventions supported
• ✅ Code Jitting - the python Numba package enables 10-50X speedup
• ✅ Field calculations - Internal field coefficients coming!

Documentation

• Full Documentation: miepython.readthedocs.io
• API Reference: miepython api
• Jupyter Notebooks: Interactive Jupyter notebooks
• Theory Background: Mathematical foundations and validation

Version 3.0 Breaking Changes

Version 3.0 introduced significant API changes to rationalize the API as well as new functionality:

• Enhanced coefficient access - Direct access to Mie expansion coefficients
• Future-ready architecture - Foundation for full field calculations

If you need the old API, pin to version 2.5.5:

pip install miepython==2.5.5

Installation

Using pip:

pip install miepython

Using conda:

conda install -c conda-forge miepython

Basic Example

import miepython as mie

# Define sphere properties
m = 1.5 - 1j       # Complex refractive index
d = 100            # Diameter (nm)
lambda0 = 314.15   # Wavelength in vacuum (nm)

# Calculate efficiencies
qext, qsca, qback, g = mie.efficiencies(m, d, lambda0)

print(f"Extinction efficiency:  {qext:.3f}")
print(f"Scattering efficiency:  {qsca:.3f}")
print(f"Backscatter efficiency: {qback:.3f}")
print(f"Scattering anisotropy:  {g:.3f}")

Output:

Extinction efficiency:  2.336
Scattering efficiency:  0.663
Backscatter efficiency: 0.573
Scattering anisotropy:  0.192

API Reference

Basic Functions

Function	Purpose
efficiencies(m, d, lambda0, n_env=1)	Calculate extinction, scattering, backscattering, asymmetry
intensities(m, d, lambda0, mu, n_env=1)	Angular scattering intensities for parallel/perpendicular polarization
S1_S2(m, x, mu)	Complex scattering amplitudes
coefficients(m, x)	Mie coefficients for field calculations
phase_matrix(m, x, mu)	Mueller matrix for sphere

Parameters

• m (complex): Complex refractive index of sphere
• n_env (complex): Real refractive index of medium
• d (float): Sphere diameter [same units as wavelength]
• lambda0 (float): Wavelength in vacuum [same units as diameter]
• x (float): Size parameter (π×diameter/wavelength)
• mu (array): Cosine of scattering angles

Important Conventions

1. Negative imaginary refractive index: For absorbing materials, use m = n - ik where k > 0
2. Albedo normalization: Scattering phase functions integrate to the single scattering albedo over 4π steradians (customizable)

These latter may be mitigated using custom normalization

# Different scattering function normalizations
I_albedo = mie.i_unpolarized(m, x, mu, norm='albedo')  # Default
I_unity = mie.i_unpolarized(m, x, mu, norm='one')      # Normalized to 1
I_4pi = mie.i_unpolarized(m, x, mu, norm='4pi')        # 4π normalization

Performance & JIT Compilation

miepython supports Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation via Numba for dramatic performance improvements on large datasets. This is especially beneficial for batch calculations with thousands of particles.

Enabling JIT

import os
os.environ["MIEPYTHON_USE_JIT"] = "1"  # Must be set before importing
import miepython as mie

Performance Comparison

JIT compilation provides substantial speedups for large-scale calculations:

Version	JIT Status	Time (N=100,000)	Speedup
v3.0.1	Disabled	4.00 seconds	1×
v3.0.1	Enabled	0.15 seconds	27×

Benchmark Example

import os
import numpy as np
from time import time

os.environ["MIEPYTHON_USE_JIT"] = "1"  # must be before import miepython
import miepython as mie

# Generate random particle ensemble
N = 100_000
refr = np.random.uniform(1.0, 2.0, N)
refi = np.exp(np.random.uniform(np.log(1e-4), np.log(1.0), N))
x = np.exp(np.random.uniform(np.log(0.01), np.log(100), N))
m = refr - 1j * refi

# Benchmark calculation
t0 = time()
qext, qsca, qback, g = mie.efficiencies_mx(m, x)
elapsed = time() - t0

print(f"JIT enabled: {os.environ.get('MIEPYTHON_USE_JIT') == '1'}")
print(f"Calculated {N:,} particles in {elapsed:.3f} seconds")
print(f"Rate: {N/elapsed:,.0f} particles/second")

Note

The first JIT-compiled call includes compilation overhead (~1-2 seconds). Subsequent calls achieve full performance.

Examples Gallery

The repository includes several example scripts demonstrating different applications:

Dielectric vs. Absorbing Spheres

Glass Microspheres with Resonances

Water Droplets

Gold Nanoparticles

Citing miepython

If this library contributes to your research, please cite the relevant doi release on zenodo

• Generic DOI (always the newest release) — 10.5281/zenodo.7949263. The badge at the top of this file resolves to that record.
• Version‑specific DOIs — click the Zenodo badge and choose the DOI that corresponds to the exact version you want to cite (e.g. 10.5281/zenodo.14257432 for v2.5.5).

For example:

S. Prahl, *miepython — Pure‑Python Mie scattering calculations*, Zenodo,
16 March 2025. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7949263

@software{prahl_miepython_2025,
  author  = {Prahl, Scott},
  title   = {{miepython}: A Python library for Mie scattering calculations},
  url     = {https://github.com/scottprahl/miepython},
  doi     = {10.5281/zenodo.7949263},
  year    = {2025},
  version = {latest}
}

License

miepython is licensed under the MIT License.

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Maintained by Scott Prahl